Building shelf management system

Introduction to the undertakingManagement system means the methods by which an administration programs, operates, and controls its activities to run into its ends and aims by using the resources of money, people, equipment stuffs and information. Management information systems are used by companies to assist maintain them more organized in certain parts of concerns. For illustration, companies use databases as a manner or hive awaying information as it helps them to entree informations more rapidly and remain more organized. It is better than holding a paper-based system where relevant information can be lost or read falsely. Besides with paper-based systems, they take up a batch of room as you need a topographic point to hive away it all, for illustration, a filing cabinet. The undertaking I have decided to make will affect me analyzing, planing, and implementing a stock database system for warehouse operations in a little concern. In future this database could be used by other little concern companies as good. The company that I have decided to utilize is Biring ‘s News, which I have been working for over 4 old ages. The database will enable the company to pull off their stock that comes in and out of the warehouse. The ground I have chosen to make this company is due to the fact that I have been working at that place for such a long clip. I ‘ve learnt about how the concern itself runs and have seen jobs occur and become resolved or need to be resolved throughout the clip I have been at that place. Biring ‘s News has a concatenation of newsdealers which are based over Kent and London. The proprietors of the concern are ever either opening more stores in new locations or shuting them down in others. It would be utile for the company to hold a system that shows them how the stock is being managed, what is selling good and what is non.Background of the CompanyBiring ‘s News is owned by Jasbir Biring. They own a concatenation of newsdealers which are located in Kent and London. The stores are all situated within shopping Centres like Bluewater Shopping Centre and Westfield Shopping Centre. They sell a scope of stock such as, Sweets, drinks, magazines, coffin nails and newspapers. Biring ‘s News opened there first store in Lakeside shopping Centre, 1989, which was a great success and led them to open more and subdivision out towards London. In entire, the company has opened up to 8 newsdealers since 1989, some are still running and others have been sold on. At the minute, the company has one chief warehouse where all the stock is kept for all of Mr Biring ‘s stores ; so workers are ever in and out taking what they need when they want. The job with this is that there is no record of good coming in and good coming out, so there is no record of what points are low in stock and what points there are excessively much of. The result of this is that the director has jobs with stock that is non selling really good which leads to him holding excessively much in the warehouse which can besides so go out of day of the month, so he is losing out on money. Another job that would happen is that he may run low on stock that is high in demand ; therefore he will be losing out on gross revenues. The company besides have a concatenation of providers that they use. They use the same provider for magazines and newspapers as they receive that stock automatically on a day-to-day footing. When it comes to buying confectionary, they do non lodge to one provider. They go by which of all time supplier has the best monetary value for whatever they need or if any of them have particular offers. This is besides a job that leads to holding excessively much stock, as they are merely looking at what is on offer and merely buying it, even without detecting that they have plenty of the point in the warehouse. At the minute, the company has no record of what is kept in the warehouse, the lone manner of cognizing what is in the warehouse is by roll uping bills of what has been purchased or by staff advising the director about what is losing in the warehouse.Aim of ProjectThe purpose of the undertaking is to:Write in item what the job isState how the job could be solvedState how the system will work and what it is intended to makeIdentify all the demands for the systemAnalyse and plan the system that I intend to bring forthImplement the systemMake a user usher for the company so that they are able to utilize the systemAim of the UndertakingThe aim of the undertaking will enable the company to:Become more organized – they will be able to maintain path of what stock they have, so they wo n't hold the job off holding excessively small stock or extra stock.Save money – the system will enable the company to salvage money as they will cognize what they have, so they will non purchase stock that is non required.Think of some more aims! ! !ResearchManagement information systemsManagement Information Systems can be used to treat informations into utile information. For illustration, it could be a system used to do orders. There are three types of direction information systems which are:Decision Support SystemsInformation coverage systemsExecutive information systemsDecision Support systemsThis type of system allows strategic and tactical determinations to be made. Decision support systems are chiefly used to back up the tactical, semi structured determinations that need to be made as portion of the rating and planning of a concern. Executive information systems are targeted at strategic determination devising, which frequently involves unstructured determinations. This type of system is normally created by the terminal user as they are the 1s who normally use it. That manner they know how is works directly off. Examples of where determination support systems are used are to analyze informations and see if there are any tendencies, for case, looking at gross revenues figures over a period of clip.Information coverage systemsThis type of system helps companies as it produces studies which can assist them to do determinations within the company. For illustration, this type of system would assist Biring ‘s News as you could bring forth studies of what was in stock, so the director would hold an thought on what he needs to buy. There are two types of describing systems which are periodic studies and exclusion studies. Periodic studies are produced merely when required by determination shapers at regular intervals. Examples include a monthly fiscal statement and a hebdomadal gross revenues analysis. Exception studies are produced merely when asked for. This would be utile for Biring ‘s News as the director could easy publish a study out for himself whenever he needed it, for illustration, he would necessitate a transcript of the stock study when he planned to do an order from a provider.Executive information systemsProvides senior directors with a system to help them in taking strategic and tactical determinations. Their intent is to analyze, comparison and highlight tendencies to assist regulate the strategic way of the company. They are normally integrated with operational systems, giving directors the installation to ‘drill down ‘ to happen farther information on the job.Off the Shelf packageA criterion bing system is purchased from a package seller and installed on computing machines located within an administration. This type of package can be purchased by anyone and can be used to run by 1000s of people. You can buy many types of off the shelf package depending on what field you ‘re working in, for illustration, if you do photo use you could buy package such as Photoshop, which is really popular. With this type of package, it is moderately priced as it is popular. It is utile for smaller companies as they are chiefly capable of being able to make what the company wants. This package is non every bit utile to bigger companies as they prefer to hold package to make precisely what they want. For illustration, off the shelf package may hold characteristics that are non required by the company or they may be losing applications that the company needs. Bespoke package is a better option for much larger companies, as they can hold it produced to their demands. I will be bring forthing a stock database which will fit the demands for a warehouse storage system, so it will be able to be used by other smaller companies.The Waterfall theoretical accountThe waterfall theoretical account divides a undertaking up into phases. The theoretical accounts show that you should follow each phase in a specific order, as the diagram below indicates. Feasibility Study – This is the phase where the user has to research whether their planned undertaking is executable. The feasibleness is broken down into four stairss:Prepare for feasibleness survey by measuring the range of the undertaking.Define the job ( what should the new system do that the present 1 does non ) .Choose the best feasibleness option from those available ( typically up to five concern options and a similar figure of proficient options ) .Assemble the feasibleness study, including the principle for the selected option.Analysis – this can be broken down into two phases which are the probe of the current environment and concern systems options. Probe of the current environment – this is the most of import out of the two phases. For this, the user will hold made a list of all the demands in the feasibleness survey, so now they will hold to spread out on the demands and do them more elaborate by speaking about how they will be solved. They will besides hold to province what attributes and entities they will necessitate and how they will all be linked in the entity relationship diagram. They will besides hold to take a information theoretical account so they know how they are traveling to finish the undertaking and in what phases. The user will besides hold to set up the purposes and aims of the undertaking. Business system options – this phase comprises two stairss, the aims of which are to hold what the functionality should be. A figure of possible systems solutions for the perceived concern demands are formulated and the impacts and benefits of each will be evaluated. The solution selected will be the one that most closely catches the demands of the concern. The two stairss are:Define concern optionsSelect concern optionDesignSystem design means that the developers describe in item how the system will work, what the end products will be and what inputs are needed. Similarly, processs are described and hardware demands defined.ExecutionThis is the phase where you create the system. It should be made right under all the given demands.Care and TestingAt this phase the system should be completed and tested to see if it works. A user usher should besides be created so it can state the user how to run and keep the package.MethodologyI am traveling to utilize the Waterfall theoretical account to construction my undertaking. I have chosen this because it allows me to research all facets decently before traveling in front and making the system decently. This manner I will non hold the job of burying to add in parts or adding in applications that are non needed. I am traveling to bring forth a stock database system for the company warehouse, which could subsequently be used as an off the shelf bundle by other little warehouse companies. This system will enable the director keep his stock by ever holding a sufficient sum of all his stock. The system will work by holding all the provider information stored on the database. From there the director will be able to entree their web sites and look into what publicities they have and besides compare monetary values to see where he could acquire a better trade. He will besides be able to see all the stock he has in the warehouse. The stock will be shown under their appropriate headers, for illustration, Coke would be stored under drinks. Following to each point of stock, it will province how many of each is stored at the minute. Employee inside informations will besides be stored on the system so that they can entree the system to enter what they had took from the warehouse, so that all the stock de grees are shown right. To bring forth the system I will necessitate the undermentioned information to bring forth the system:Name callings and references of the newsdealersWarehouse inside informations – where it is locatedWhat stock is sold in the storeWhat stock is stored in the warehouse ( magazines and newspapers are non stored at that place, is at that place anything else? )How many providers they useDetailss of providers – what they specialise in sellingDetailss of employees ( this is because they all have entree to the warehouse, so the director will necessitate to maintain path of what they are taking )To happen out all the information I will carry on an interview with the director.Requirements for the system:Employee-Employees must hold their ain user name and watchword to log into the system ; this is to halt any unauthorized entree to the system.They must be able to hold entree to their inside informations so that they can change it if any alterations are needed to be made.They mus t be able to change the measure degrees of all the stock to maintain it updated.The inside informations that will be required of the employee are their first name, last name, which shop they work in, reference, contact figure.There should besides be a map that enables you to add and edit/delete employees.Supplier –The inside informations that will be required are the name of the provider, the reference, website reference, email reference, phone figure.There should besides be a map that enables the user to add and edit/delete providers.Shop-The inside informations that will be required are the names of the stores, what shopping Centres they are located within, and the reference, which employee works at that place.There should be a map available that allows the user to add and edit/delete stores.Warehouse-The inside informations that will be required for the warehouse is the warehouse figure, the reference, what is stored at that place.Stock-The inside informations that will be required is the name of everything that is sold in the store, for illustration, Sweets, magazines, coffin nails, etc. Besides you will necessitate to cognize the measure of it that is stored in the warehouse.There should be a map available that allows the user to add and edit/delete stock, either when they proprietor decides to halt selling it or when a new point is released in the market.Hazard AnalysisResourcesThe package that I am traveling to utilize to make the information system is Microsoft Access. Microsoft Access is a Relational Database Management system. It is a really popular database system and it is easy to utilize. Microsoft Access database contains a figure of different applications ; some of them are table ‘s questions, signifiers, studies, macros and so on. Tables – these are used for informations storage. The tabular arraies are presented in rows and columns to the user so that they can input at that place informations. The tabular array is shown in a similar manner to a spreadsheet format as all the gridlines are seeable. Questions – they gather certain information from different tabular arraies and expose them all on one screen. Using a question you can alter the order of records ( screening ) , retrieve single records or groups of records ( seeking and filtrating ) , count, amount, norm, and otherwise summarize informations values ( collection ) and compute new values from values held in the tabular array ( computation ) . Forms – this allows information from tabular arraies to be displayed in a more professional manner. With signifiers you are able to add in images as you ca n't infix them into tabular arraies. Reports- studies are used for showing information in different formats. They can besides incorporate images and graphs.MentionsBocij, P, Chaffey, D, Greasley, A, Hickie S. ( 2006 ) Business Information Systems Prentice Hall, Pearson instruction. Chapters 6 & A ; 7Boddy, D, Boonstra, A, Kennedy, G ( 2002 ) Pull offing Information Systems Prentice Hall, Pearson instruction. Chapter 1Dowling, N ( 1998 ) Database Design and Management utilizing Access Letts. Great Britain. Chapter 1Glanss, T, Grad, B, Holstein, D, Meyers, W, Schmidt, R ( 1968 ) Management Systems United States of America. Chapter 1BibliographyThe hired Institute for IT. Retrieved on: 12/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bcs.org/server.php? show=ConWebDoc.2767Hero Solutions. Retrieved on: 12/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hero-solutions.co.uk/articles/bespokevsofftheshelf.aspMicrosoft Office Online. Retrieved on: 13/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypert ext transfer protocol: //office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/HA101656301033.aspxMicrosoft Office Online. Retrieved on: 13/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/HA101650211033.aspx

Language, Gender, and Slang

If the feminist critique of language is correct, and much of language reflects and embodies masculine and male experience (Cameron 1998, 9), then it should come as no surprise that slang, which is one particular mode of language, should reflect the same masculine and male experience.   However, it seems that little quantitative research had been done on slang directly until relatively recently. The first study was Kutner and Brogan’s research (1974), just over 30 years ago.   The object of this study is to test my peer’s knowledge of slang, and how aware they are of its usage.   One of the common ideas about slang is that slang words change fast, from generation to another;   the other is that slang is not mainstream. But where it comes to gender and slang, slang words have proven rather stable and common, even the vulgar slang – being a virgin or a whore has had meaning since time immemorial.But first, I will define slang and give a little bit of backgro und about its study since the 1970’s. What is slang?   Slang refers to worlds and dialects that are not used in mainstream culture.   As such, it can be the marker of a subculture, or of areas of discourse or ideas that are taboo in mainstream thinking.   A subset of slang are what we normally take to be slang, namely vulgar, sexualized, or derogatory language.   For the purposes of this paper, we will focus on slang that has a particularly gendered aspect – that is, words that are used to designate â€Å"male† and â€Å"female† genders in slang language.   These slang words include, but are not limited to: Chick, bitch, babe, and guy, dude, and stud. The fact that these slang words are common where it comes to talking about the relationships between the sexes, on topics such as sexual attraction and gender relations (activities and relationships).According to Flexher (1975), who produced the first dictionary of slang, the use of slang and the c reation of new slang is almost exclusively the purview of males (xii).   Women tend to use the language that is invented for them by males.   This may account for the disbalance of terms in a gendered distribution:   there are more slang terms to designate female or feminine behaviors, and more of these terms are negative, and much more negative than its male/masculine counterpart:   for example, compare bitch and asshole.   First off, you would almost never call a man a bitch unless you were trying to feminize him, but you can call women assholes without masculinizing them.   Second, bitch has a more negative charge than asshole, which might even carry a positive charge.   These are just some informal observations that may or may not holdup under the scrutiny of a quantitative study.Males may use slang more because they are more at home in all of language, and so this violation of language norms becomes possible.   There is a sense in which the use of slang is a dar ing thing to do, and doing brave things is consistent with masculine patterns of behavior and development.   Young women tend to want to abide by the rule, be these rules linguistic or otherwise.   That they are already not wholly at home in language means that they already risk not communicating, which does not afford them the room to play with language in the daring way that slang demands.   In this same vein, the use of profane language is more expected and praised of boys and men than it is of girls and women.These ideas, which could be summarized as the general thesis that gender slang is the domain of males is one that has come to be evidenced and accepted by many scholars, women, men, feminist and not, since the 1970’s.   For example, one study quoted in the text (Stanley, 1977) found that whereas there were 220 ways to designate woman in English slang, there were only 22 comparable ways to designate men.   More interesting is that both men and women share th e use of these same terms – there are not two set of slang terms, each appropriate for each gender, but only one that is determined and reflect men’s experience.   This has lead some feminists to argue that women need to develop and independent lexicon (see Irigaray in the Cameron, 1998).   And while this disparity is completely obvious once you start to think about it and investigate language and slang use, it seems to be rather transparent to the everyday language user – or at least, this is what this project has set out to test.BibliographyCameron, Deborah.   (1998) The Feminist Critique of Language.   New York, Routledge.de Klerk, V. (1992). How taboo are taboo words for girls? Language in Society, 21, 277-289.Eckert and McConnell-Ginet. (2003)   Language and Gender.   New York:   Cambridge University Press.Flexner, S. B. (1975). Preface to the dictionary of American slang. In H. Wentworth & S. B. Flexner (Eds.), Dictionary of American slang. N ew York: Thomas Y. Crowell.Kutner, N. G., & Brogan, D. (1974). An investigation of sex-related slang vocabulary and sex-role orientation among male and female university students. J of Marr and the Family, 36, 474-484.Risch, B. (1987). Women's derogatory terms for men: That's right, â€Å"dirty† words. Language in Society, 16, 353-358.

Motivation of Employee in Lic Essay

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire for reward. Intrinsic motivation has been studied since the early 1970s. Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage in the task willingly as well as work to improve their skills, which will increase their capabilities.[1] Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they: †¢attribute their educational results to factors under their own control, also known as autonomy, †¢believe they have the skills which will allow them to be effective agents in reaching their desired goals without relying on luck †¢are interested in mastering a topic, not just in achieving good grades Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome, whether or not that activity is also intrinsically motivated. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards (for example money or grades) for showing the desired behavior, and the threat of punishment following misbehaviour. Competition is in an extrinsic motivator because it encourages the performer to win and to beat others, not simply to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. A cheering crowd and the desire to win a trophy are also extrinsic incentives. Comparison of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to overjustification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a gold star for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward condition.[2] While the provision of extrinsic rewards might reduce the desirability of an activity, the use of extrinsic constraints, such as the threat of punishment, against performing an activity has actually been found to increase one’s intrinsic interest in that activity. In one study, when children were given mild threats against playing with an attractive toy, it was found that the threat actually served to increase the child’s interest in the toy, which was previously undesirable to the child in the absence of threat.[3] For those children who received no extrinsic reward, self-determination theory proposes that extrinsic motivation can be internalized by the individual if the task fits with their values and beliefs and therefore helps to fulfill their basic psychological needs. Push and pull This model is usually used when discussing motivation within the context of tourism. Push factors determine the desire to go on holiday, whereas pull factors determine the choice of destination. Push motives are connected with internal forces, for example the need for relaxation or escapism, while pull factors are the external factors, such as landscape, cultural image or the climate of a destination, that induce a traveller to visit a certain location.[citation needed] Push factors can be stimulated by external and situational aspects of motivation in the shape of pull factors. Then again pull factors are issues that can arise from a location itself and therefore ‘push’ an individual to choose to experience it.[4] Since then, a large number of theories have been developed over the years in many studies there is no single theory that illustrates all motivational aspects of travelling. Many researchers have highlighted that because several motives may occur at the same time it should not be assumed that only one motive drives an individual to perform an action, as was presumed in previous studies.[5] On the other hand, since people are not able to satisfy all their needs at once they usually seek to satisfy some or a few of them.[citation needed]   Self-control The self-control aspect of motivation is increasingly considered to be a subset of emotional intelligence; it is suggested that although a person may be classed as highly intelligent (as measured by many traditional intelligence tests), they may remain unmotivated to pursue intellectual endeavours. Vroom’s â€Å"expectancy theory† provides an account of when people may decide to exert self-control in pursuit of a particular goal. Drives A drive or desire can be described as a deficiency or need that activates behavior that is aimed at a goal or an incentive.[citation needed] These drives are thought to originate within the individual and may not require external stimuli to encourage the behavior. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which motivates a person to seek food; whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for praise and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others. By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli can be seen in the example of training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process. Incentive theory A reward, tangible or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of an action (i.e. behavior) with the intention of causing the behavior to occur again. This is done by associating positive meaning to the behavior. Studies show that if the person receives the reward immediately, the effect is greater, and decreases as delay lengthens. Repetitive action-reward combination can cause the action to become habit. Motivation comes from two sources: oneself, and other people. These two sources are called intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, respectively. Reinforcers and reinforcement principles of behavior differ from the hypothetical construct of reward. A reinforcer is any stimulus change following a response that increases the future frequency or magnitude of that response, therefore the cognitive approach is certainly the way forward as in 1973 Maslow described it as being the golden pineapple. Positive reinforcement is demonstrated by an increase in the future frequency or magnitude of a response due to in the past being followed contingently by a reinforcing stimulus. Negative reinforcement involves stimulus change consisting of the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response. Positive reinforcement involves a stimulus change consisting of the presentation or magnification of a positive stimulus following a response. From this perspective, motivation is mediated by environmental events, and the concept of distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic forces is irrelevant. Applying proper motivational techniques can be much harder than it seems. Steven Kerr notes that when creating a reward system, it can be easy to reward A, while hoping for B, and in the process, reap harmful effects that can jeopardize your goals. Incentive theory in psychology treats motivation and behavior of the individual as they are influenced by beliefs, such as engaging in activities that are expected to be profitable. Incentive theory is promoted by behavioral psychologists, such as B.F. Skinner and literalized by behaviorists, especially by Skinner in his philosophy of Radical behaviorism, to mean that a person’s actions always have social ramifications: and if actions are positively received people are more likely to act in this manner, or if negatively received people are less likely to act in this manner. Incentive theory distinguishes itself from other motivation theories, such as drive theory, in the direction of the motivation. In incentive theory, stimuli â€Å"attract†, to use the term above, a person towards them, as opposed to the body seeking to reestablish homeostasis and pushing towards the stimulus. In terms of behaviorism, incentive theory involves positive reinforcement: the reinforcing stimulus has been conditioned to make the person happier. For instance, a person knows that eating food, drinking water, or gaining social capital will make them happier. As opposed to in drive theory, which involves negative reinforcement: a stimulus has been associated with the removal of the punishment—the lack of homeostasis in the body. For example, a person has come to know that if they eat when hungry, it will eliminate that negative feeling of hunger, or if they drink when thirsty, it will eliminate that negative feeling of thirst.

Instruction and Learning Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instruction and Learning Styles - Essay Example At this level of higher learning, I would say that auditory learning style is dominant over the other styles which are only used in some subjects. To enhance that the auditory method is effective there are various learning habits tailored to get much out of the study time. These study habits may include recording of lectures for later hearing, group discussions, reading out lecture notes softly to you, tutoring others and participating in classroom discussions. Not all of the mentioned habits may be effective to me since some like taping the lecture for later hearing may lead to time wastage and poor attention during the actual lecture. I would prefer reading quietly rather than reading loudly except for exercises to enhance reading skills. The other three study habits facilitate active learning, and by this, different points missed during the individual study time are shared. After an individual study, one may tutor others so as to instill knowledge and enhance understanding for a l ifetime. .The study habits to enhance effective usage of time in visual learning may include drawing diagrams relevant to the study contents. Mind mapping may also be effective in cases of flowing materials, chains, processes and may used to link related information. Others may include use of flash cards, creation of mental pictures and rewriting of lecture notes in own words. The last style, kinesthetic, is the use of concepts given in a practical environment. It includes study habits such as underlining and highlighting key points in the notes. Answers to various exercises to be used in a lifetime such as of multiplication tables, squares and square roots may be repeated during other activities such as jogging and walking. One may also create own practice tests and teach the learnt topics to your group again. Reflective judgment Reflective judgment is a model that describes the development of reasoning from adolescence to adulthood. It looks into the thinking where knowledge is ob tained by solving problems from both the certainty and uncertainty. The model describes a dimension of cognitive development gathered from theoretical work of the scholars; John Dewey (1933, 1938), Piaget (1960, 1970 [1956], 1974), Flavell (1963, 1971, 1977), Perry (1968, 1981), Broughton (1975, 1978), Fischer (1980; Lamborn & Fischer, 1988) and Kegan (1982, 1994). The model is featured in seven developmentally related stages of assumptions on how knowledge is acquired. The seven stages are summarized into three levels of reasoning namely pre-reflective (Stages 1-3), quasi-reflective (Stages 4 and 5), and reflective (Stages 6 and 7). The pre-reflective reasoning involves the belief that knowledge is certain if only it is acquired through direct observation or from an authority figure. It is divided into three stages i.e. stage 1 to 3. In stage 1, assumption is that, knowledge is absolute and concrete. Knowledge is obtained from direct observation and beliefs need no justification. I n this stage, a belief is true if is the taken as the truth. In stage 2, assumption is that knowledge is absolutely certain though not immediately available since it can also be obtained from authority figures other than through direct observation. Justification of the beliefs comes from correspondence to those of an authority figure such as a teacher or a parent. In stage 3, the assumption is tha

MP3 Players PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MP3 Players - PowerPoint Presentation Example s, I searched the internet to find the detailed specifications of the mp3 players I and other acquaintances were familiar with and using them in practical life. I was already familiar with the software which comes as a part and parcel of the operating systems like Windows Media Player and Itunes by Apple. Third party software came as additional add-ons with other software packages of sound cards and speaker systems for computers. Moreover such third party mp3 software are frequently advertised on various web sites. The software industry is primarily focused on developing media rich web sites where entertainment can be at your fingertips. When computers are inaccessible or cannot be carried along, like on mountaineering trips and other outdoor excursions then the portable mp3 players come into the picture. Advanced electronics technology has miniaturized the music players while retaining the sound quality along with long lasting power packs so that music can be enjoyed in all sorts of places and circumstances. The software was developed concurrently with the operating systems and has become more functional, error free and user friendly along the course of history. Even little kids face no problem in handling software mp3 players on their personal computers as the software operation is dependent on visually attractive and easy to understand controls. The music is located in convenient folders automatically by the software, such as ‘My Music’ and stored in the mp3 as well as other formats. Alternatively one can store the files in personal folders by naming them with conspicuous titles for easy access. Visual graphics have been incorporated with the music titles and artists which are downloaded automatically by software like the Windows media Player 11 and Apple Itunes. These two as well as other software players such as RealPlayer and MusicMatch Jukebox have separate packages of these players for different versions of the operating systems such as Windows XP,

Create Research Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Create Research Questions - Essay Example The research questions that will be looked at in this article will focus on the proposals that were produced by Padgett with more emphasis on what should be expected in future research studies in this field. One of the research proposals focused on a study of treatment related and substance related outcomes based on the 48 month study conducted on the housing first and treatment first program for the homeless people suffering from severe mental illness (Padget, 2006). The main aim of the study was to determine whether the findings of the previous studies can be sustained or they may end up changing after some period of time. In order to look at what should be expected in the future, the following research questions will be addressed: The research questions above reflect on some aspects that were discussed by Padget (2004) in her proposals based on the studies that were conducted. In order for a research methodology to be selected there is need to carefully check up on the research questions so as to ascertain the nature of the methodology to be used. In this case a qualitative methodology will be more appropriate based on the fact that empirical materials will be collected to in order to carry out the study. With regards to the case study on the homeless people suffering with severe mental illness the appropriate method of collecting data for the this study will be through sampling and recruitment. Participants will be chosen based on selected criteria after which interviews will be conducted on each respective participant in order to collect their findings. It is well noted that the approval of each participant greatly considered before pushing forward with the research study. A structured interview will be best suited in carrying out the research study and thus the research questions will be analysed in detail based on the response of

Design an organisation and its plans for international expansion Essay

Design an organisation and its plans for international expansion - Essay Example anization to practically evaluate how it can use its strengths and expertise to overcome challenges in order to make a successful entry (Child, 2005). China is a socialist country with a government which controls everything in the country. The overall involvement of the government into the affairs of firms is relatively higher as new and international firms have to obtain government permissions and follow strict rules to do business in China. ( Jiaxing, 2011  ) China is the leading economy in the world and has surpassed Japan as the second largest economy, too. With the huge population, size and the increasing level of personal incomes, China’s economy provides a perfect market opportunity for any global firm. Further, the overall managerial practices and the methods of socializing in China are different from doing the same in UK. Star, therefore, will have to face serious management challenges to ensure effective customer services as well as employee management (Adler and Gundersen, 2008) Improvement in information technology and presence of leading courier services in the market has relatively made it easier for international firms to start home delivery services in China. Star can actually take benefit of these trends and develop an online portal through which it can actually offer free home delivery services and tap into a growing market which is open to use technology for the purpose of shopping (â€Å"Consumer Spending in China†, 2012).   As discussed above, China is a communist country; therefore, the legal environment is relatively more complex. Though China has become more open to the international companies, rules and regulations are still complicated. Global firms have to follow a strict legal framework in order to work in China. Compliance with regulations can actually increase operational costs and lower the competitive ability of any firm. Star generally will open its stores on relatively large land spaces and, therefore, can create

Malta in World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Malta in World War II - Essay Example However after Benito Mussolini came to power, these relationships deteriorated as Italy clandestinely supported conflicts in British territories in the Mediterranean from the late 1920s onwards (1). Owing to the strategic location of Malta it was an important stronghold for either the Axis or allied powers - particularly, the island is at the heart of the Mediterranean between Libya and Italy. It had been, ever since 1800, after two years of Napoleonic invasion, a division of the British Empire, its geographical significance had been recognized by Britain for the whole occupation. It was for this reason used as a major military and naval fort throughout this time. Malta occurred to be the only military headquarters between Gibraltar and Egypt. In spite of its position, the British had shifted the headquarters of Mediterranean Fleet Navy from Valletta, Malta in the mid-1930s to Alexandria, Egypt. Despite the fact that there were apprehensions that the island, a long way from Britain and near Italy, could not be protected, British Government resolved in July 1939 to raise the number of anti-aircraft guns and fighters on Malta (2). British government had other worries about whether to retain the island in May 1940 when the French Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud, stated that the state of affairs in France was horrible, however that Italy might be pacifies with the surrendering of Malta. After some deliberation, Winston Churchill persuaded the British War Cabinet that no surrendering should be made (3). Nevertheless, while Britain itself endangered, Malta was not the main concern for the British, so Malta was under-resourced when Italy declared war on Britain on 10 June 1940. At that time only 4,000 troops and a few outdated bipl anes were based on the island, with 5 weeks' of food. However, the island was a strategic danger to Italy and the Axis powers. Malta's anti-shipping squads and Royal Navy submarines were a prospective danger to supply and communications between Europe, Italy and North Africa. During most of the siege William Dobbie was Governor of Malta. Whilst in Malta, he was criticized for his attitude to organization in the siege and for what opponents claim to have been an objectionable holdup in the establishment of bomb shelters in addition to employing effective food-rationing and creating an efficient civil-defense system. Issues surrounding the delivery of armaments were also a condemnation. In May 1942 Field Marshal the Right Hon. John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort removed Dobbie. First Phase of Siege of Malta On 11 June 1940, the day after Italy declared war on Britain and France, airplanes of the Italian Royal Air Force attacked Malta. Most of its land forces had been placed for the imminent invasion of Greece, so Italy employed airborne offensive to check Malta from being a danger. On the first day, ten Italian Cant bombers dropped bombs on Grand Harbour, Hal Far, and Kalafrana. In seven attacks, 11 civilians and 6 soldiers were killed. As well, about 130 civilians and some troops were wounded. At the time, the combatant aircraft in Malta comprised a few outdated Gloster Sea Gladiator biplanes. A common legend is that the air

I need an essay about comparison and contrast under this topic (an

I need an about comparison and contrast under this topic (an online class compared to a traditional class ) - Essay Example Whether a person achieves a good learning experience or not is determined by the factors that affect the employment or administration of teaching, since educational instruments are normally tangible and accessible to students with whom a specific knowledge or training is communicated. At this stage, the widespread technology logically plays the key role in educating people, for the modern age has proven to have used and modified technology in almost everything that drives our living. It is, however, essential to determine which between an online class and a traditional class delivers the intended results of a quality learning. While classes held online offer learners the convenience to access a wide variety of virtual materials from a range of readable to audio-visual files, how can such setting guarantee focus and diligence with the desired output among the users? On the contrary, though traditional classes facilitate the advantage of enabling students to experience the real environment of proper education in the presence of a teacher and classmates with whom to interact, how would this ensure constant availability of up-to-date academic resources? Comparing these modes of learning is like running through a number of advantages and disadvantages that must be rea lized in considering either preference. Through an online community, a learning individual finds oneself in control of one’s pace in coping with studies under the flexibility of accomplishing tasks at the comfort of personal time and place. There is barely a need to rush on reading and responding to assignments based on the required modules or set of online curricular activities. In this manner, students gain knowledge with confidence, aware that the freedom of studying within a comfort zone allows more room for fluid thoughts and thus, better ways by which to express views or insights. This is truly a convenient

The New Face of American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The New Face of American Politics - Essay Example The book explores the role of money, ethnicity, and religion in politics and the issues that are rampant in society today. The authors also explores the charismatic and mass appeal of Obama which, they claim, transcends racial, financial, religious, and gender barriers. In essence, the book discussed how Obama’s political ideologies sustained him throughout his political career. His political path to Washington documented in the book highlighted every campaign and every opponent he faced during his campaign. Obama’s stalwart convictions carried him through every campaign. Where his detractors focused on his failings as a candidate, he instead focused on issues like health care and protecting minority rights. The authors highlighted how his competitors self-destructed in the face of the campaign – from being involved in sex scandals to being embroiled in domestic violence. And through such controversies surrounding his competitors, he emerged as the most favorable candidate. Obama’s focus during his campaigns was not too complicated, nor was it too lavish, but his principles and his promises appealed to many Americans because it spoke to them of the American dream. The concerns of each constituency became his concern, and this fact did not go unnoticed by the American public who were looking for the ideal candidate who could listen to them. The book is very much about the strengths of Obama. Just as Obama skirted over these issues during his campaign, so do the authors of this book.

The benefits of open source software within the government and Essay

The benefits of open source software within the government and business sector - Essay Example The open-source software is developing rapidly and their functionalities are highly competitive and in fact much better than closed-source software. Above all, all of the above advantages come at a very minimal price, not even a fraction of what is spent on the closed-source software. But, having said that, there are several disadvantages that could pose a threat to the future of open-source software. So, when considering all the pros and cons of open-source technology, the Information System (IS) managers have a very hard task in their hands on deciding whether to go for this kind of software. There are several issues that a manager has to look forward, the primary criteria, of course, to be in contention as the leader in a competitive industry. So, this decision aids a lot in deciding the future of an organization. An IS manager has to take into account, the cost involved, security, efficiency, throughput, servicing, innovation and several other issues that lead to take this crucial decision. An analysis of the benefits attained by several government organizations and private organizations and the predicted growth of these org anizations is discussed here. This includes a detailed discussion of the features of open-source software, the role of a manager with regard to open-source software, the current trends and the future of organizations implementing open-source software. The analysis concludes with the best practices for managers in organizations implementing this technology.(Fanini, 2005) Open source, in general terms, is a method followed to allow global accessibility to the source of a product. It allows people from different regions, to access the code, innovate it and improve the functionality of the software. Open source became popular only after the spread of internet, with many people from several regions getting a common point of access. It is a distributed process when compared to the centralized closed-source development. The open source

My Life Unleashed Essay Example for Free

My Life Unleashed Essay Life is all but a matter of constancy, with the altering seasons and the varying tides vigorously wavering the enduring days of the lives of men. The evolution of the life of being a student remains a noteworthy space in my thoughts as my memories as a child will always be learned by heart, if not by everybody else, at least by myself. Or so I think at least by myself, lest I fail to remember that I had the companionship of good friends along the way, by no means abandoning me in times when I need them most. To be there for them when they, too, need someone to be with is only a portion of what sum of good deeds I must or feel to give them in return. And this is what I liked by being a child, apart from everything else that contributed to my identity to who I am today. It is my friends—my real friends that make me strong. College has been tough on me. I had to weigh several options as to what field to take—those were the nights where I could barely sleep thinking if I am to make the right decision. It was my friends who helped me decide. The primary reason why I chose [insert course here] is because the course in itself is competitive in today’s world. The course, moreover, reflects the scholastic principles of providing a major benefit to students in the [insert field of study] by putting a premium emphasis on the recent trends and advancements in today’s world of global competitiveness. The course is also one that seeks to refine the skills and knowledge of the students through a competition in [insert field of study] among its students just to name one. Moreover, the course is well-handled by faculty members who are very much qualified and are very much capable of instilling the necessary knowledge to the students inasmuch as the faculty as a whole is composed of teachers with reputations well beyond what one might expect. I am a flexible person, a jack-of-all-trades if you may consider. I love joining competitions. I love being challenged though I know for a fact that in every contest there is always a winner and a loser. I am a sport. I rise when I fall. But to tell you, losing for me is a hard thing—hence, it was through these unfortunate experiences that I was able to know myself. Not only did my refined skills and attitude became useful to us during times of dilemmas and crucial moments of getting into a halt on my fulfilling my dreams, but these factors also became a part of what I was able to impart to my friends. In a way, I have inspired them to do the same thing, to acquire the enhancements in their positive characteristics, and to use their meaningful experiences to have full control of their abilities and gifts—to encourage them to move forward after a downfall. I am fortunate to have friends who I can lean on. Part of my career thinking and objectives is that, after obtaining my degree I will bring forth the knowledge and skills that I have acquired into the far more practical planes in the world of [insert field of study]. However, prior to achieving such an end, I will put my best efforts in refining my comprehension on the field that I have chosen to pursue and in expanding my thoughts that revolve around the [field of study] arena. Apart from all these, I also intend to employ the vital information that I will learn through the course to the society at large. That is, I intend to contribute to a deeper understanding not only to the course but also to the generation that we have today and the generations to come through my scholarly contributions. All of these experiences and aspirations that I have shared a great fraction in my life in the sense that these served as the factors upon which I was able to steward my gifts and talents, refining these two along the way as my level of experience proportionally increase day after day. With the daily encounters that come across my way, I am able to contemplate on my personality and realign myself with these meaningful experiences so that I become guided as to what decisions I ought to pursue in my life. Such an understanding is of great use and help, as it has been back in the days when I was just starting in the science and math club, and, as far as I see it, nothing is as potent and as equally practical than having a wide range of experiences upon which one can be able to base his or her crucial decisions in life. These meaningful experiences have taught me a lot in my existence in the society at large and in stewarding my abilities and gifts. The Essence of Values The daily life experiences that every individual in this world comes across with contribute to the development of the self (Achebe, 1994). These experiences do not only come in a single strand nor pattern. Quite on the contrary, what makes these experiences contributive to the welfare of humanity is because these encounters come in various forms and in differing content. A well-rounded personality, then, can be achieved, though strictly limited, to the variety in the experiences that individuals get to have in their lives (Miedaner, 2000). Determination and decisiveness I believe, craft a person to become successful in one’s ordeals. A person who is determined builds confidence within. Believing that a person can do anything and surpass everything is a guarantee towards success as fear is out of the picture. Most people have fear and fail because they are indecisive. Being able to know what you want is a good start of taking challenges. Life is full of choices—and to reach a goal is to decide which path to take (Friedman, 2005). As much as I strongly believe in the idea that experiences shape the personality of a person in many different ways, these experiences can serve as a meaningful chapter in our lives as much as they have been significant to on my part. As far as my memory would not fail me, I do attest to the idea that experiences teach the individual person about being a steward of the gifts and talents that the self possesses. By having the full knowledge that these experiences contribute in a large part in the molding of the ability of the individual in bringing forth a rather full control or, at least, a strong grasp on one’s abilities to his or her advantage, their meanings would be far clear enough. References Achebe, C. (1994). Things Fall Apart: Anchor. Berger, K. S. (2005). The Developing Person, Through Childhood and Adolescence (7th ed. ). New York: Worth. Friedman, T. L. (2005). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century (1st ed. ). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Miedaner, T. (2000). Coach Yourself to Success : 101 Tips from a Personal Coach for Reaching Your Goals at Work and in Life (1 ed. ). London: McGraw-Hill.

Case Study on Palliative Care: Example Answers

Case Study on Palliative Care: Example Answers Carol is a 48 year old woman who lives with her husband Dean and three children. Carols three children, Josephine (15 years), Harry (12 years) and Sarah (8 years) are aware their mother has cancer, but have not been told of the development of secondary disease or the implications this carries. The family run a small general store in an outer suburb of Perth. Carol was diagnosed with breast cancer three years ago, originally undergoing a right lumpectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy. Last year Carol was diagnosed with bone secondaries. Since that time she has been receiving tamoxifen and attending the oncology clinic for follow-up. The community palliative care nurse visits Carol once a month to monitor her progress and provide emotional support. While visiting Carol the nurse notes that she appears to be in considerable discomfort, though she denies any pain. On questioning Dean, the nurse learns that Carol has been found crying and holding her hip, but refuses to seek medical attention. Why do you think Carol is reluctant to seek medical attention and acknowledge her pain? ANSWER: Carol is reluctant to seek the medical attention because she is fed up with the medical checkups and also she receives no positive improvement in her health so she herself concluded to not to waste the money on her health and let them safe for her three children (Matthews, 2008). As Carol begins to receive palliative care, which members of the palliative care team do you think need to be involved in her care? Briefly describe the role of each. ANSWER: The family members of Carol play an important role in the team of palliative care and especially the role of Dean was very crucial because he is the person who could fill the strength in Carol to fight against this dangerous disease ( Foley, 2001). Investigations of Carols pain revealed bony secondaries. She was offered a course of radiotherapy, but refused as this would mean going to the city (55km away) every day, and she would be away from the shop at the busiest time of the year. Carol agreed to recommencing chemotherapy, and was commenced on regular panadeine forte (two every four hours) for her pain. Carol has been troubled by nausea and vomiting after each course of chemotherapy. On a follow up visit five days after Carols last chemotherapy, the community nurse discovers that Carol is constantly nauseated, vomiting several times a day and unable to keep any fluids down. Identify the possible causes of Carols nausea and vomiting. ANSWER: Chemotherapy involves the killing of cancerous cells from the patients body thus due to these heavier operations on Carols body would make her uneasy and thus she has nausea and vomiting (Ferrell, 2006). Describe the management strategies for the various probable cause(s) of Carols nausea and vomiting. ANSWER: Management strategies should be in order to give her strict instructions to be away from strong odours, not to lay flat after eating, have some light exercise after eating, to eat in smaller amounts and most importantly keep her mind relaxed and try to forget about the chemotherapy (Hesketh, 2005). On a follow-up visit, the community nurse discovers that Carol is only achieving two hours pain relief after her tablets and is taking them more frequently, but is reluctant to consider changing to stronger medication. Identify the appropriate steps for assessing Carols pain. ANSWER: She should be checked to take medicines on her own i.e. someone from her family should take the responsibility to fetch her with medicines; also management should maintain a regular chart of the total amount of daily doses and the time span of pain she have(McMann,  2009). After consultation with the general practitioner, the community nurse discusses changing Carols analgesia to something stronger. Carol is very reluctant as she feels she will only become addicted to hard drugs if she uses them now. Carol expresses concerns about having this type of medication in the house with young children around. What are the possible reasons for Carols reluctance to change her medication, and how could this be overcome? ANSWER: Carol main reason for reluctance was that she wants to be with her family also she wants to save money as she could not afford the hospitals expenses and hence she wants the whole medication to be done at her home. This can be overcome if and only if the management gives some relaxation in the expenses (Visel, 2006). Carol reluctantly agrees to a trial of oral morphine, initially in short-acting form until the dose is titrated. She is commenced on 10mg of oral morphine 4th hourly. What education should the nurse give Carol about commencing and taking morphine? ANSWER: The nurse should tell her to handle some pain and extend the period of taking the morphine from 2 hours interval to 4 hours interval so that she could develop some resistive powers in herself (Bruera, 2003). When should Carol be considered for conversion to controlled (slow) release morphine, and how would the dose be calculated for this? ANSWER: As soon as Carol feels that she has generated enough resistive power then the controlled doses of morphine should be given and the period should be increased rose to the power of 2 i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16 and finally it should be stopped (Bruera, 2003). Identify adjuvant medication that may be helpful in Carols case. ANSWER: Herceptin drug can be used as the adjuvant medication because it interferes with growth of cancer cells and slows their growth and spread in the body (Knox, 2004). Carol is reluctantly taking morphine 30mg every four hours and Naprosyn 500mg b.d. for her pain. When visiting Carol one day the community nurse finds Carol vomiting and complaining of catching a gastro bug from one of the children. On questioning Carol states she has had small frequent amounts of diarrhoea for 5-6 days, and has not had a normal bowel motion for two weeks. Carol is notably dry, complains of thirst, has a coated tongue, and a distended abdomen. What nursing investigations would you carry out? ANSWER: The infection is been spreading in her family due to the contact of virus released by the vomiting of the Carol. Hence personal hygiene should be maintained (Yarbro, 2005). What nursing strategies would you implement to relieve Carols symptoms? ANSWER: For relieving Carols symptoms the basic nursing strategies should ensure that the toiletry area should properly cleaned using diluted bleach, she must wash her hand after using the toilet, her clothes must be washed in warm water, and lastly the nurse should suggest her the BRAT food i.e. Banana Rice Applesauce and Toast as the main food from time to time and drink as much liquid as she discharges in her stools (Yarbro, 2005). Carols appetite has decreased and she is eating only very small amounts of food. She is not nauseous. Dean is finding it hard to accept that Carol doesnt need food and worries that without food Carol will die. What will you tell Dean about Carols loss of appetite? ANSWER: We will tell him not to panic because this loss of appetite is only due to the gastro effects and it will be removed as soon as the medicines perform their proper function (Ko, 2008). What strategies can you use to help Carol increase her intake? ANSWER: After giving her enough liquid food we will ask Carol to perform light exercises which could help her to burn more calories and so she will feel a good hunger for receiving a good nutrition (Ko, 2008). Carol has become increasingly bedbound and is spending many hours sleeping, and at times becomes restless. She has refused all further chemotherapy and blood tests and is aware her time is limited. Carol has told Dean that she would like to die at home. What do you need to consider to ensure that Carol can be cared for at home (eg. equipment, care needs etc)? ANSWER: The main consideration would be based on finding ways so that she must not get any complication in terms of medical facility. Hence important equipments must be installed with a good experienced nurse who remains with Carol in her house for 24 hours (Keir, 2002). The community nurse is called late at night because Carol has become semi-conscious, but is calling out and very restless. On arrival the nurse finds Carol agitated and restless in bed, with an increased respiratory rate, an obvious frown and unable to respond to questions. On questioning Dean states that he was unable to administer her last two doses of morphine slow release tablets. Carol has not taken fluids for several days, nor passed urine for eighteen hours. Identify the possible cause(s) for Carols restlessness and suggest treatments. ANSWER: Carols restlessness is only due to improper metabolism of her body so she should be given liquids as much as she could take and finally she must be made to discharge the urine (smith, 2006). The community nurse suggests insertion of a subcutaneous butterfly needle to administer Carols morphine for pain control. Dean becomes distressed, questioning the need for morphine when his wife is almost unconscious. He accuses the nurse of trying to hurry things along. What is an appropriate nursing response to Deans concerns? ANSWER: Nurse should send Dean outside the room and tell him to keep patience and keep faith, she will do the appropriate nursing of Carol (Kearny, 2006). Carol remains unconscious for several days. Josephine expresses concern that her mother has not had any fluids for several days and questions whether she should be admitted to hospital so intravenous fluids could be commenced. Josephine questions if it is cruel to let her mother die of dehydration? What explanation could the nurse give in response to Josephines concerns? ANSWER: Nurse should give condolence to Josephine and not to worry because she will take care of her mother in every aspects of medical concern (Alexander, 2000). What nursing actions will ensure that Carol is comfortable despite no oral intake? ANSWER: The basic nursing action that a nurse should check Carols pulse rate and blood pressure, if everything is normal then there it is ensured that Carol is comfortable despite of having no oral intake (Alexander, 2000). Dean approaches the palliative care nurse for assistance the next day. He states the children, in particular Sarah, are asking questions he doesnt know how to answer. Sarah asks detailed questions about what will happen to Carol before and after she dies, and appears to have a morbid interest in the details of death. Identify strategies to assist children dealing with death. ANSWER: While assisting children dealing with death the children of small age should be taken away from the house and make them busy in some games while elder children should understand itself how to manage with the condition (Schaefer, 2002). Carol died at 4.30 p.m. on a Sunday afternoon, with Dean, the three children and her mother by her side. Her death was described by the palliative care nurse as peaceful, but her dying as a struggle. What bereavement follow up could be put in place for this family? ANSWER: Carol was a strong fighter and she fights with her disease with silence and lots of courage, this death would keep soul free from the struggles that she had faced during her illness. God bless her soul Amen (Schaefer, 2002).

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation Vocabulary is the most active part of language. It can directly reflect the cultural developments. In a sense, vocabulary is the mirror of the culture, so is the color terms. The understanding and feelings to color terms of Chinese and English People are much alike, which underlines the possibility in cross-cultural communication as well as translatability. However the ways of thinking, beliefs, customs and habits of different cultures not only produce failures and misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication but also pose headaches to translators who are trying to produce ideal target texts. For example, color terms, the associations, symbols and implied meanings of color terms to different nations are different because of their different environments, ways of thinking, religious and beliefs. Therefore, in translation practice, the most important is to break the cultural barriers and convey the source cultural message faithfully and effectively. This paper compares and analyzes the culture of the basic color terms in English and Chinese and introduces several methods in translating color terms. This paper first introduces the notions of translation and culture, indicating the important trend in translationcultural translation. Translation has been viewed as cross-cultural communication instead of word to word translation. Then, it analyzes the differences between English and Chinese culture, and the close relationship between translating, language and culture. In the main part, the paper deals with cultural connotations of basic color terms in English and Chinese and the causes for similarities and discrepancies by citing several examples. By the contrastive study of cultural connotations of basic color terms between English and Chinese, we can know more about what is going on in peoples mind, in their language and cultural. Keywords: color terms; cultural differences. Chapter One Introduction Color terms are important parts that we get to know our world. There are many common points in knowing color terms between different cultures. Although the amounts in explaining color terms are different, words describe basic color terms such as Red, Black, Blue, Green are the same. Meanwhile, due to the differences in religions, politics and customs; color terms sometimes generate strong cultural characteristics. Color terms are an important part of vocabulary in every language system. Each country has its own color outlook and peoples color outlook is an important part of culture ones. English and Chinese have a long history in language system, they are both rich in color terms, and the same color terms usually share the same meanings. However, different geographic conditions, religions and other elements result in different cultural associations in these two languages. Misunderstanding happens from time to time and barries have been caused in communications. During the past three decades, translation is regarded as a kind of cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural translation in this paper means to bring the same meanings of the issues form one language to another language instead of words from the forms in English to forms in Chinese. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction of this paper. Chapter two shows the translation and culture, giving a detailed depiction of the relationship between culture and translation, and some of the major discrepancies between English and Chinese culture. Chapter three and four are the main part of this paper, some basic color terms such as Red , Black are put to improve the differences and same places between Chinese and English culture in translating. And at the end of the thesis, namely, in the last chapter, a conclusion is drawn. Chapter Two Color Terms and Culture 2.1 Color Terms Color term means the word which stand for a kind of color. This definition is easily understood, but Xiao Junshi (1982:26) once said that color terms do necessarily mean the same thing as colorful terms. Colorful English may appear as idioms or in figurative expressions, while color terms are words which simply show different colors. Like the onomatopoeic word, a color term has little merit in itself. Only when it suggests the image of the original, or fortifies the sense in the version, it has value in translation. As a part of words, color terms are used in writing to exchange information. Classification of Color Terms There are two main kinds of color terms: basic color terms and object color terms. Lu Hongmei (2006:38) defines basic color terms as words used to describe the color of objects when they appear. Basic color terms including seven kinds of colors. In Chinese, they areà ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «. In English, they are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. Although basic color terms contain only a few words, they are very active. Color Terms History in English In western world, people are more rigorous, they take a scientific attitude towards the objective world and objective knowledge. The oldest theory in color terms history is Aristotles Black and White Theory, in which color is made up of brightness and saturation. At that period, all colors were thought as different degrees of mix of white and black. Black and White Theory was ended by Newton who saw seven colors of the sunlight through prism. Color Terms History in Chinese A lot of plants names are used as color terms, especially after the improving of painting. Blue comes from a kind of plant called blue, and red comes from the plant called madder. (Luo geng, P8, 2004) Many Chinese color terms come from the name of plants or minerals. Although there is no theory about the forming of color terms in Chinese history, it is possible to learn a lot of historical things which have relationships with colors. Countless color terms can be found in Chinese poems, essays and novels. The following sentences are some typical examples. à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¦-†¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“† Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" ªÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ °Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He felt as if his head were spinning and his eyes swam before a kale endoscope of red,yellow,green,black,shiny,square,cylindrical,leaping,dancing,shapes(Zhang Peiji, P64, 1979) In this sentence, the color terms emotive function is showing the feeling, color terms can not be instead by the other kinds of words. Above all, color terms play a very important role in both Chinese and English cultures. At the same time, it is true that a translators task in translating color terms is not an easy task. He is the one who belongs to two language-culture backgrounds. He has to serve as a receptor of one message while being an announcer of message in another language of another culture. It is necessary for a translator to know color terms backgrounds and histories well. 2.2 Language, Culture and Translation Language and Culture Language is one of the important constituents of culture. Douglas(1980) once said, A language is a part of culture and culture is a part of language, the two are intricately interwoven so that one can not separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture(Douglas, P76, 1980) Languages are used to form production and explain the how the tool works; and in the situation of institutional culture, language is often in use; and mental culture must be explained and wrote by ways of language. So language is an important symbol of the culture. So it is safe to say that language has two important cultural functions. Firstly, it is the way of holding culture; secondly, it is the media in transmitting culture to youths. Language has such an important influence on a culture that some linguists believe that language and culture hold the keys to maintain national or cultural characteristics. Language is important in national sentiment because of its strong and visible symbolism; it becomes an important symbol. At the same time, language is influenced by culture. From a broad sense, language behavior is brought up by culture. That is to say, the ways of language that you use, are linked with your cultural background. In its most basic point, language is a series of rules for their use in relation to one another. Theyre unique from one culture to another. You may find it when you study another language. Here is an example, Confucianism, founded by Confucius more than 2000 years ago, has been deeply rooted in Chinese culture, Chinese people are taught from their childhood to show respect to the elders, be polite to others. This efficaciously explained the scenes that we see today in China and expressions as à ¥Ã‚ °Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¼Ã…’And address somebody respectfully titles such as à ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã…  to address people and words as à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã‚ to themselves were so commonly heard. Translation and Culture The fact that translating one language into another is necessarily contained both two cultures that results in the close relationship between culture and translation. In the first point, culture has many limitations on translating. As we all know, culture is the identity of a country, which determines its uniqueness from another culture. Both English and Chinese language have their own series of words and expressions that quite different from other cultures, which makes it impossible to find a totally similar word in the target language that we translate to, except creating a new word. For example, à ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’in Chinese and pinkeye and whitegoods in English. Translators should be very careful in translating these words in case of misunderstanding among the readers. Second, the most important roles in translation are to enrich the culture we want to translate to, and to promote the development of the language culture. In a word, language, culture and translation cannot be separated from each other. They depend on each other. Translator should master not only bilingual knowledge but also bicultural knowledge. The Notion of Cultural Translation Translation takes place between languages. With the development of modern translation theories, more and more people believe that translation is a cross-cultural communication. In fact, they have found that cultural factors in international communication are more popular than the purely linguistic differences. Thus in the field of translation studies, translators understanding of translation has changed: from word translation to cultural translation. Shuttleworth (1997:P35) defines cultural translation as any translation which is sensitive to culture as well as linguistic factors. Language is a part of culture, thus translating one language into another can be satisfactory if the translator knows both two culture well. However, language is the soul taker of culture. In the translating course, language is translated or transformed but not culture. The purpose of translating is to make the readers get to know the culture of the countries. Chapter Three Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color Terms 3.1 Contrastive Analysis of Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color terms There are seven basic color terms both in English and Chinese, but the number of color terms are more than 2,000 in the Chinese, and more than 3,000 in English. The English basic color terms are red, pink, yellow, green, blue, black, white, gray, and brown, meanwhile in Chinese they are à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½,à ¨Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ , Basic color terms are often used, they are main parts of this article. 3.1.1 Cultural Equivalence between Black and à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Black is the basic color in both English and Chinese color system. It has not only its own meaning-the opposite of white, but also include the following meanings. Darkness, Death, Misfortune and Sadness Black is regarded as the unlucky color. As we know, the hell in the western fairy tales and the same world in Chinese mythologies are dark places when criminals die. There are some hobgoblins such asà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦-  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸in Chinese hell and Satan in western hell. When people died, his or her relatives wear in black and they felt sad and grief. So black is also connected with sadness and misfortune. In western religion, Black Friday refers to an unlucky day because Jesus Christ died on Friday. In China football history, there are also a bad phenomenon called Black three-minutein 1989 World Cup, because of the defenders mistake, China Mens football team lose the game with 2-1 in the last three minutes. And they failed to go to Rome to take part in the 1990s Italy World Cup Finals. From then on, the Black three-minute is a nightmare of Chinese football team. Dirtiness, Illegality and Evilness In the Ballet opera Swan Lake, the black swan is the symbol of evil and cattiness. Chinese expressions likeà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã‚ º-,à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ´show that black in Chinese is also related the bad and evil. In English culture, expressions are explained in the same meaning, for example: Black money (to get the money through the illegal way) Black-hearted (man who are very evil and greed) Black sheep (a bad guy who do harm to his family or group) Cultural Non-equivalence betweenBlackandà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ In Chinese ancient history, black is regarded as be respect to others: in Xia Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, ministers wear a kind of clothes calledà §Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £(Ziti), which is made up from a black silks. And black is a color making people feel respect to others, and thats why people wear in black in funerals. Ancients always connected the black with the irons factors-hard, they place the color black as the color of justice. So in the Chinese opera, a person with black face is a justice person, such as BaoZheng in Song Dynasty. Black also has some positive meaning in English language. Black dress and black suit are the most popular clothes in western countries. In some important situations, noted public figures and magnates love to wear in black. And people in symphony orchestra wear in black and its show the respect to the audience. Black-hall means the hall which many VIPs and important persons in it. However, the word black is always connected with the black-skinned people, in early times, the black-skinned people were called Negro, but they thought this salutation was pedagogue, so they choose the word black. In western black-skinned people culture, things are connected with them are dubbed the prefix black such as black English, black belt and black nationalism ,etc. Cultural Equivalence Between White andà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ White is the color which opposite to the color black. Brightness In Chinese, animals with white suchà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ½and others is a lucky symbol, it bring the symbol of peace to people. In western countries, people think angles always in white, and the angle is the hand of God, they bring outlook and happy to human beings. Death and Failure White is the color of death in Chinese traditions. When a person died, his or her relatives wear in white, and the clothes calledà ¤Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ , they believe the deaths could go to the heaven. In western countries, the color white also connected with death. White and à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ also means failure. This phenonmen can be seen in the war, when one side of the war hang the white flag, it means they accept the failure and the other side is win. Other Connotations Enjoyed by bothwhiteandà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ White also makes people feel clean and honest. White man means the person is very honest. White also refers to the White-skinned people; the opposite of the black-skinned people. Cultural Non-equivalence Between White andà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ In Chinese operas, White face, for example: CaoCao in Three Kingdom period, symbolizes villainess and brings contempt, people can hardly see the true meaning from his face. Nowadays, white also describes the man who do not understand the meaning the other people says, such asà ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ White in English also has its unique meaningslove. White Valentines Day is the day lovers stay together and celebrate the day. And it originated in 3rd century in Rome. If a girl or boy receives a gift from a boy or girl on February 14th, and he or she gives another gift on March 14th, the actions are called White Valentines Day. Cultural Equivalence Between Red and à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢ Happiness, Luck, Love and Beauty à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢is the favorite color among Chinese. In Chinese traditional festival-Spring Festival, people in his animal year are wearing in red, and he or she want to get higher. The elders give money to the youths in a red bag calledà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦. And the youths always be happy when they receive à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦. In the Chinese traditional weddings, red candles, red veil and red dresses of the brides, all bring the festival atmosphere and make people think that days after wedding will become better and better. Red eggs are given away to friends and relatives on the birth of a baby In western countries, red is the color that shows the love to someone: if a young man give a woman red rose, that means he want to fall in love with the woman, he loves the woman. Aggravation, Violence, Danger and Shyness Red is also linked with same emotions in both English and Chinese. In Chinese, à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã…“ ¼ is used to describe rage and violent actions. The fire truck and alarm light are all painted red to indicate danger. In minds of native speakers of English, red is also associated with sanguineness, danger and violence. However, red face doesnt only mean angry, as we all know, if a boy says I love you. to a girl, the girl also turns her face red, and thats not angry, its shyness. Red is the color of blood, if a person was beat by others and he is injured, the blood could come out from his body, and thats violent. Cultural Non-equivalence between Red andà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢ The color terms red andà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢are not equivalent in many ways. In China,à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢is the symbol of revolution and communism. Chinese national flag,à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦, is red which means being stained red by the blood of the revolutionaries, whileà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¾is a corner of it. Whats more, à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢in Chinese is often used to express ones envy such asà §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢, while in English the word having this function is green. Red in English has some other usages. For instance, Red Nose Day is a day on which an appeal is made for donations for research into sudden infant death syndrome, marked by the distribution of plastic red noses to donors. And this is apparently not embodied in the connotations of à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢in Chinese. 3.2 Causes for Equivalences and Unequivalences Causes for Equivalences Human beings have common factors. They live on the same globe. Although their living and working environment are much different, theyre much in common. Cultures of various countries also have something in common. All these similarities are inevitably reflected in languages. Thats why equivalents can be found in terms of linguistic from and meaning. Black is the color of darkness and some secret and illicit activities always go on in the darkness. So black is extended as illicit. In black market, the business goes on in violation of publicly imposed regulations. Money got through being against ones conscience, such as corruption and bribes, is à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ±, and smuggled goods are à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ´ The similarities in connotation of color terms not only result from the similar perception to the world, but also have something to do with customs of people. In both China and English-speaking countries, people usually roll out red carpet for an important visitor, so there is roll out red carpet in English andà ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¯in Chinese, which indicates a lavish welcome. Causes for Unequivalences In the process of translating, a translator is more often faced with cultural differences. Every country has its own ethnic groups, geographical location, religions beliefs, values, political systems and so on. All these form the differences of national culture, which are also certainly embodied in language, which means culture determines the differences in connotations of color terms. As Lamb (1982: P358) observes, Its clear that religion and culture are inextricably entwined. Most experts agree that religion has endeavored to explain those motions about life that otherwise could not be understood or resolved. The study of religion not only for offers insight into the spiritual and psychological needs of people, but also gives us clues into the social aspects of a culture. The usage of color in religions and their sacred writings exert great influence on the connotations of the color terms. Besides the factors mentioned above, there are other factors influencing the usage of color terms. Some expressions with color terms come from myths, tales and some from literature works. Here we have only named some of the major causes due to the length limitation of this thesis paper. Chapter Four Compensation for the Loss in the Translation of Color Terms Literal Translation Catford (1965: P25) argues that translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point, although because of the necessity of conforming to TL(target language) grammar, the final TT(translation teaching) may also display group-group or clause-clause equivalence. In other words, literal translation aims at preserving the most possible cultural information of the meaning without changing the linguistic forms of the source text, so by offering a foreignized translation it can get not only a very high degree of the informativeness of the cultural meaning transferred from the SL (second language) text, but also a rather high degree of the effectiveness of the transferring of the cultural meaning. Of course, the translation can only be foreigized to such a degree that the target text is still readable. Besides, in a mass of linguistic facts, there are some expressions both in English and Chinese adapting the same color symbols and carrying the same cultural connotations, thus literal translation becomes the only appropriate strategy. Free Translation Newmark (1988: P46) defined free translation as reproduce the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original. From the perspective of cultural translation, the awareness of culture is of great importance for a translator to obtain an ideal rendering in translating practice. A good or ideal translation should accord with the demand and tendency of a particular time and should be understandable and acceptable so that is can enlighten readers to recognize foreign cultural elements. Because of lack of communication, in the past domestication (e.g. free translation) was preferred and most of those renderings that employed foreignizing methods (e.g. literal translation, transliteration) couldnt widely spread. However, because of tendency of cultural integration, foreignizing, methods can serve better for the purpose of cultural translation. Chapter Five Conclusion In the past several decades, cultural translation became an important issue in the field of translation. This paper deals with studying the color terms and its method of translation. It is easy to see that word meaning is the mirror of peoples cultural and social backgrounds. But it may be different in its meaning of this word from the other cultural groups. To better explain the methods of translation in color terms, the author compared the English and Chinese cultures in color terms from sources including historical background, religions, and so on. According to these Chinese and English cultural discrepancies, it is easy to understand the reasons why these two peoples think in different ways, which we should take into consideration. However, there are some shortcomings in this paper. First, the comparison of this paper only focuses on the basic color terms. Second, there is a large number of expressions with color terms in both Chinese and English, and the author cannot write them all, but examples given are enough in this paper because the target of the paper is not only to show the differences and same points., the more important point is to understand the reasons why the similarities and differences between these two cultures. With the development of globalization and international communication, it is necessary to learn cultures well before translating the language which comes from the culture. Color terms are more and more important in translating language. Moreover, mastering color terms translation improves the abilities of translation practice and cross-cultural communication.

Apollo vs. The Palette of Narmer Essay -- essays research papers

The two works of art that have been chosen to compare and contrast are The Palette Of Narmer and Apollo of Veii. The Palette Of Narmer dates back to the Hierakonpolis Dynasty 1 in 3100 BCE. The Palette of Narmer is interesting because it is the oldest historic work of art that names a person, and is the earliest piece of art that uses hieroglyph. This artwork depicts the dawn of a new age of man and his use of writing and pictographs in art. The statue of Apollo, from Veii comes from the Etruscan art period Apollo was created around 500 BCE. It was created by a very popular sculpture of his time, by the name of Vulca. The delicate technique of firing clay is fascinating. A sculptor of Vulca’s ability was required to know how to construct a large figure so that it did not fall under it’s own weight. He had to know how to precisely regulate the temperature of a kiln large enough to fit a statue of almost 6 ft tall, for a long period of time. The fact that to this day, Vu lca is the only Etruscan Sculpture whose works of art have survived the test of time, show his genius in his creations. The Palette Of Narmer is made of mudstone, which is a kind of shale. It is a flat stone with circular depressions on it. Palettes were common utensil of the time. It is believed that this flat stone was used for grinding eye paint. This eye paint was used for both men and women to prevent eye infections and possibly also used to reduce the glare of the bright desert sun. The Palette Of Narmer...

Analysis of The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros Essay

After having read the novel â€Å"The House on Mango Street† by Sandra Cisneros I will now concentrate on the background of the novel that moved Sandra Cisneros to write it by investigating the novel with special regard to its different dimensions. 1. The Novel 1.1 Summary The novel â€Å"The House on Mango Street† is written by Sandra Cineros. It deals with family, neighbourhood and dreams of a young Mexican girl, Esperanza Cordero growing up in Chicago. The novel begins when the Corderos move into a new house on Mango Street in the Latino section of Chicago. The fact that it is the first house they have ever owned, make them proud. But when Esperanza sees it, she is disappointed by the red, dilapidated house. It is not the one their parents told them nor Esperanza dreamt of. Esperanza is not just dissatisfied with her home, but she is also ashamed of her appearance and of her name, which is always mispronunced, and sounds if the syllables were made of tin and if they were a punishment for the ears. Esperanza was named after her great-grandmother, who was forced to marry and sentenced to a life full of sadness. But Esperanza swears that she will not have the same destiny like her great-grandmother. Esperanza longs for a name that fits to her, that expresses her identity: â€Å"Zeze the X† (Cisneros, p.11). In time, she notices how joyful and harsh reality can be in life. Her first friendship is just a brief one because Cathy’s familiy soon moves away because of the neighbourhood, that becomes more inhabited by lower-class, people like Esperanza’s family. By contributing five dollars for a bike, Esperanza is included in the circle of friends of two younger sisters. By Lucy and Rachel, Esperanza is introduced in the wonders of growing up by talking about clouds, hips and parading around Mango Street in high-heeled shoes. By the older kids, Esperanza can observe the hardships young people are confronted with in rough neighbourhoods: Louie’s car theft, the death of a boy by an accident Marin gets to know, and Marin’s desperate attempt to find a husband she can escape from this place. All these things open Esperanza’s eyes and show her the limited chances which are offered and she had in such a neighbourhood. Alicia, on the other hand, is an exemple for the less who leave nothing to his fate, but take the initiative. Despite her father’s view, she goes... ...v. ed., 1970) Keller, Jà ¼rg P., The American Dream Gone Astray. (Berne: Peter Lang, European Academic Publishers, 1995) Savin, Ada, â€Å"Mexican-American Literature† in: New Immigrant Literatures in the United States. (London: Alpana Sharma Knippling, 1996) Simone, Roberta, The Immigrant Esperience in American Fiction. (Boston: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1995) Web sources: http://www2.cwrl.utexas.edu/sheila/314s96/students/mitch/mach.htm, 2000, 19.Mar.2001 http://twu.edu/www/twu/library/zumwalt.html, Mar. 2001, 24.Feb.2001 http://voices.cla.umn.edu/authors/SandraCisneros.html, Mar. 2001, 24.Feb.2001-03-22 http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/4/0,5716,121244+1+111233,00.html, 27.Feb.2001 http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/0/0,5716,115530+1+108719,00.html, 03.Mar.2001 http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=home, Jan.1998, 17.Mar.2001 http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=machismo, Jan.1998, 19.Mar.2001 http://www.hausaufgabe.de/cgi-bin/data/fetch.pl?id=1469&ids=1469+1188, Nov.2000, 03.Mar.2001 http://www.nclr.org/about/nclrfaq.html, 1999, 03.Mar.2001 http://www.students.depaul.edu/~mrodrig/history.html, 09.Mar.2001

Waste in Macbeth

Throughout the play Macbeth, characters change and so do their relationships with other characters. Life is taken for granted, and tossed away as if it’s merely an old toy. Honour and potential of great men tarnished due to their greed and power hunger. The plot develops the idea that A. C Bradley proposes: The central feeling of a tragedy is one of waste. Macbeth is portrayed as a tragic hero, someone who has it all at first but decides to give it all up. Throughout the story the waste of potential, the waste of life and finally the waste of innocence are just some of the types of wastes that can be found, but they are enough to prove the theory. According to critic A. C. Bradley, the central feeling of a tragedy is one of waste. It can be argued that Macbeth’s waste of his own innocence was not intentional, but forced upon by his wife, yet he ends up going through with the deed of killing Duncan. His waste of innocence was directly connected to his probable lack of morals and self esteem. He was persuaded to kill Duncan out of his wife’s question of his manliness. â€Å"I dare do all that may become a man; who dares do more, is none. † (Macbeth, Act I, scene vii) The evidence shows that his innocence has allowed his wife to make him question his manliness and therefore his morals. But not only has Macbeth been persuaded to kill Duncan, but his innocence gets mocked as Lady Macbeth states â€Å"A little water clears us of this deed† (Lady Macbeth, Act II, scene ii). She portrays murder as merely a deed that can be simply washed away from the hands with water and therefore the mind as well. The waste of Macbeth’s innocence although unintentional to him, is what begins the waste concept. The potential someone has is based on their character and their actions and how they incorporate the two into life situations. Yet both Macbeth’s actions and character seem to be weak and immoral. The waste of potential becomes evident as Macbeth turns from a hero into a tragic hero, and starts to take lives as if they are worthless. I am in blood, Stepp'd in so far, that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go o'er. † (Macbeth, Act III, scene iv) He shows that he has no interest of going back to right, when he has already committed so much wrong doing. His potential is no more at that point as he has ruined any chance. â€Å"Ere we will eat our meal in fear and sleep† (Macbeth, Act III, scene ii) shows that Macbeth’s potential has gone from something great to having to be in fear all the time. But it is not only his potential that is lost, but Banquo’s as well when he takes his life. In this play one of the main purposes of Banquo's character is to act as a contrast to the character of Macbeth. Banquo is brave and noble – characteristics that Macbeth arguably doesn't. The most evident type of waste in the play is the waste of life. Life is so carelessly thrown away by Macbeth and shows that it has no meaning to him and he takes it at disposal. â€Å"The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees, Is left this vault to brag of. † (Macbeth, Act II, scene iii) is a quote that symbolizes life has no real meaning and can therefore be carelessly wasted. His humanness gets lost because of his power hunger and it’s because of the waste of life throughout the play, that the play becomes one of tragedy and an overall feeling of waste. The following quote, â€Å"I will not yield To kiss the ground before young Malcolm's feet,† (Macbeth, Act V, scene viii) shows that he is even willing to waste his own life because of his legacy and pride that will follow him after life, so to speak, this shows lack of morality towards not only his own life but to the lives of others. Finally the most evident quote: â€Å"Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. † (Macbeth, Act V, scene v) This quote shows that Macbeth’s final, as it’s at the end of the play, thought of human life is that it is very worthless, and that is in fact why he chose to waste it. It is time on this earth that we waste because it is absolutely meaningless. In conclusion, critic A. C.  Bradley, was right to state that the central feeling of a tragedy is one of waste, especially throughout Macbeth. The waste of innocence, waste of potential and finally waste of life have the power to prove the critic indeed right. Yet the list of all that was wasted goes on and on, and it’s logical to consider if not for fear of what society thinks of us would we too be able to waste life, potential perhaps, or maybe innocence to our own dismay. Bradley was correct, but do the things that stop our lives from becoming a tragedy have to do with our values or with what society will think of us.