Hand Glove Controller Rehabilitation Aids Technology

softwood Glove Controller Rehabilitation Aids TechnologyDEVELOPMENT OF A HAND GLOVE CONTROLLER replacement AIDSMuhammad Hafizudin Bin Abdul Manas AbstractA reach- paw with a detector is developed for rehabilitation aids. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the hand glove with a demodulator that canister be employ as an input signal for rehabilitation purpose. This project, the wheelchair is used as a mechanism. The project canvassament be find out by the flex demodulator. This sensor go forth be guide the wheelchair to move forward, reverse, pay and left direction by using the algorithmic ruleic program hand communicate. The Arduino UNO (ATmega328) is used as an interface with the flex sensor and wheelchair. This Arduino will transmute exemption input from sensors with analog read to digital read by using ATmega328. Then it will response with the pulse with chanting (PWM) by using driver motor to accelerate the DC motor. The output will give the instruction for wheelchair motion such(prenominal) as forward, reverse, left and right.Keywords Hand Glove, squirm sensor, Wheelchair, Micro admitler Arduino UNO, Hand GestureINTRODUCTIONIn real life, there are many people who are having hinderance physically that cannot communicate, listen, walking and more. For the disable people, rehabilitative aids it important to maintain their daily activities same as normal people. In many years, Stroke affects nearly atomic number 53 million people and 80 % survivors are left with weakened limbs and hands. There are many designs and method was developed to regain their hand run and strength. A rehabilitation proficiency dust has been designed to second the patient or disable people 4. One of the most common human physically activities are walking. Walking is an important role in human daily. Patient or disable people kick in this problem need the rehabilitation aids. For example, wheelchair is one of the mechanisms to help the disable people to c ontinue their daily activities. Current wheelchair that everyone uses right offadays it manually guarantees it with their barehanded or need assistance to move the wheelchair. Many exploitation has been transform to cook the wheelchair such as powered wheelchair, wheelchair control by using voice commands, wheelchair control by joystick and wheelchair control by air pressure expiration.Wheelchair control by voice command is one of the methods to help disable people. This mechanism is design based on vocal command. There are have several condition to move the wheelchair such forward, backward, right, left, stop, light on and light off. Vocal command has limited and must use the same voice to control the motion of wheelchair. Efficiency to control in silent environment is higher than noise environment 1. Pressing button to a fault can be control the wheelchair, it been setup in programming to move wheelchair in particular place. For example, when disable people press the button 1 it move to the kitchen or press button 2 moves to living room. The wheelchair it helps with a sensor to detect the obstacle in its path. It follows the line algorithm path based on black and white bulge on the floor 2. For this papers and this idea, this project consistDevelopment of Control algorithmic ruleHigh Level programming languageDevelopment of Control AlgorithmThe algorithm referred to any computation performed under a set of rules that use to numbers in a decimal form. An algorithm can be delineated of a solution to a problem. The control algorithm is the most important characteristic and the one to consider first. The control algorithm interpreted the true somebodyality of output as a duty of the input.For example, algorithm is hand gesture to issue the output. The hand gestures used for controlling robots motion, in television system games 3High Level programming languageIn order to develop a control algorithm, high take aim programming language is used. High l evel languages are designed to understand than assembly languages and allow a program to run. The translation of high level languages into object code needs a rise code.For example, wheelchair using MEMS sensor has been using c language programming into PIC microcontroller to control the wheelchair motion 4.LITERATURE REVIEWHand Glove ControlIn modern biomedical technologies, a robotic system has been used in physical assistance and rehabilitation such as soft robotic glove. Glove is a portable device that patient can be wear for exercise individual fingers to minimize the stresses on their hand during therapy. The application used new technologies in now days such as The PowerFoot One and Luke Arm. For The PowerFoot One is an advanced complete ankle and foot prosthesis. The user legs move like a normal person walking when their use this product because this product mimic human foot. For Luke Arm device designed to provide a person with a partially joint robotic arm that uses foot pads to control and move it 4. Moreover, hand- glove also implemented into control the machine toys such as helicopter and remote car. It uses the same technique that the person wears the glove as the control and use the variables motion to move the machine. The function is similar same as joystick 7. The same concept applied to this project where the hand glove is used. The hand glove will act as a controller in moving the wheelchair according the movement of fingers.Flex SensorNowadays, high technologies used robot to move something and doing a task to replace the human being. Sensor plays important role in robotic. A sensor is device that can measure the motion in high degree. Flex sensors are analog resistors. These resistors work as variable analog voltage divider. indoors the flex sensor are carbon resistive elements with thin flexible substrate. Figure 1 shows degree of bending for flex sensor. Smaller the radius, higher will be the resistance value 8. From this research, design powered wheelchair which control by using hand movement. Used two fingers of hand gloves are needed to control the wheelchair. Two photodiodes at upper side and two sensors locate opposite side for these two fingers. Microcontroller is programming for diverse code combinations, it also know as converters from input signal to output, it decoded the signal into appropriate movement of wheelchair with accelerate DC motor. 3Figure 1 Flex Sensor offers variable resistance readingsRetrieved fromFlex Sensor Based Robotic Arm Controller Using Micro Controller 8ALOGRITHM HAND GESTURESIn our daily activities, many people frequently used hand gesture to communication such as thumb up for ripe(p) and two fingers like V shape for peace. Many researchers 4 8 used hand gesture to identifying and make do some form of action without saying it to express the action have their do. Joyeeta Singha project for sign language hand gesture step by step. The system consist five step such as skin fi ltering, palm cropping, edge detection, feature extraction and classification. Recognize obtain almost 90% for different symbols. 4. Y Tabata is developing hand gesture for spelling in Japanese language. Creating the hand gesture to obtain the alphabet and numbering to get spelling. 8 The same concept hand gesture applied for algorithm to control the wheelchair movement and motion.Figure 2 Example of hand gesture that cropping 4METHODOLOGYProject OverviewFigure 3 Block Diagram of Hand Glove SystemFigure 3 shows a block diagram of hand glove system including Flex sensor 2.2 , Amplifier, Atmega 328 (Arduino UNO) microcontroller, Dual channel 10A motor driver and DC Motor. The input is flex sensor and the output is DC MotorMicrocontroller is a main core for the unanimous that will generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal to control the dual channel motor driver. Dual channel motor driver catch the output signal to motor from the PWM to accelerate the DC motor slow or fast. The re sistance input from sensors will converter from analog read to digital read in binary number by using Arduino.Flex Sensor with amplifierFigure 4 shows the flex sensor connection circuit for resistance to voltage converter. The range resistance of input for this flex sensor is 0 to 10K Ohms.Figure 4 Resistance to Voltage converter connectionA prejudicial reference voltage will give a positive output. The output value is produced when the sensor in condition of low degree of bending. The Op-amp is used to produce the signal from the input to the output as a voltage in a wide range. For this project is used is LM324 as amplifier. LM324 consists of four independent, high gains, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers. Figure 5 shows the performance characteristic of LM324, from this figure 5, the higher supply voltage versus the input voltage.Figure 5 remark Voltage Range vs Supply VoltageAtmega328 MicrocontrollerFigure 6 ATmega 328 microcontrollerFigure 6 shows the AT mega 328 microcontrollers pin which triggers the signal to motor driver. The generated pulse width modulation (PWM) signal is sent to motor driver from specific pin port. This microcontroller also convert the resistance input from the sensors with analog read to digital read in binary number.EXPERIMENT SETUPFigure 7 Blok diagram hand glove control systemThe hand glove controller has been developing in order to assist disable people to accelerate the wheelchair. Figure 7 shows the 5 main part combine together to perform hand glove control the wheelchair movement and the Arduino board becomes important electronic device.Figure 8 Hand Glove with Flex SensorFigure 8 shows the assembly hand glove with flex sensor. It is portable and easy to handle. One hand is used and there have four flex sensors that attached on the hand glove. from each one sensor is fitted with the length of each finger except thumb. For each finger has their own function to control the movement of wheelchair and v oltage required is +5v. It will convert resistance input from sensors with analog read to digital. Each finger for each sensor also has own function to accelerate the wheelchair. sidestep 1 shows the function and motion for each sensor.Table 1 Function of each sensorNoSensorMotion of wheelcahir1AForward2BBackward3CRight4DLeftRESULT AND DISCUSSIONBased on the experiment setup, a new algorithm is developed for the movement of hand glove system to control the wheelchair. The new development of hand glove controller consisted of Arduino, PWM and wheelchair system. In this project, the c language has been used as a medium of language and it already programmed into Arduino Uno. The source code is written based on the performing work decision and control algorithm based on hand gesture. Figure 9 shows flowchart for algorithm to accelerate the movement of wheelchair.Figure 9 Flow Chart for Algorithm Hand GestureAfter the source code has been programmed in to Atmega328 microcontroller (Ardu ino UNO board), the hand glove controller system is test by two different method. The first test of the programming is without DC motor. Second test, the programming will test with DC motor are conducted in order to see either the development of control algorithm is functioning or not. Figure 10 the assembly hand glove system with wheelchairFigure 10 shows the real situation where people plaza on the wheelchair with hand controller system. In these experiment two normal male subjects, age 25 with weight range 50-70 kg. For second test, the performance was good and the mechanism in good functional. The DC motor was performed based on the signal provided by dual channel motor drive with algorithm. Table 2 shows that hand gesture and direction of wheelchair movement.Table 2 Hand Gesture and direction of movementHand GestureLCD DisplayDirectionWheelchair kiboshWheelchair forward slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers.Wheelchair reverse slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers.Wheelchairright slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers.Wheelchairleft slow or fast followed by degree bends of fingers.Table 2 shows the hand gesture algorithm and direction of wheelchair when it applied. From this test, the control system implementation using this hand glove system development is quite successful with the wheelchair system. Therefore, it also gives the disable people use wheelchair without assistance in their daily activities. DC motor has been controlled by motor controller with interface Arduino that was programmed by C language.Table 3 Reading of flex sensor and condition of wheelchairSensorCondition of Wheelchair MovementReading of flex sensor (Hz)A, B, C and DStopA,B,C,D A,B,C,D one hundred fiftyAForward50150BBackward50150CTurn Right50150DTurn Left50150Table 2 shows the reading of flex sensor and condition of wheelchair when the algorithm is applied. The wheelchair stops when the PWM value for each sensor below 50Hz or more than 150Hz, DC motor stop. For forward slow and fast, sensor A value 50Hz150Hz then motor are accelerate. For sensor B, C and D, PWM value has same as sensor A to produce the different direction.CONCLUSIONIn this project, the development of hand glove controller for rehabilations aids is propose to assist the disable people that have problem such as walking. It will help them to control the wheelchair more easily. The implementation of control algorithm and device into the system hand glove become succesfull.This application, it will be easier the disable people or patient to control wheeelchair by their self. In addition , the development of algorithm for hand gesture gave some easily to control the system and it comfortable. There, the objectives of this project can be said as successfully, which is algoritm can give instruction the motion of wheelchair.REFERENCESR.Puviarasi, MrithaRamalingam, Elanchezhian Chinnavan (2013), Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled People section of electric and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha University, IndiaS.Shaheen1, A.Umamakeswari(2013), INTELLIGENT WHEELCHAIR FORPEOPLE WITHDISABILITie University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSolanki Krunal M (2013), Indian Sign Languages using Flex Sensor Glove, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Govt. Engineering College, Gandhinagar, IndiaMichael A Delph II, Sarah A Fischer, Phillip W Gauthier ,Carlos H. Martinez Luna, Edward A. Clancy, Gregory S. Fischer,(2013) A Soft Robotic Exomusculature Glove with Integrated sEMG Sensing for Hand Rehabilitation, AIM Lab, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA,.Dr.Shaik Meeravali, Aparna,(2013), Design and Development of a Hanglove Controlled Wheel Chair Based on MEMS, Department of Electronics and communication Engineering, RRS College of Engineering and Technology, Muthangi, Faculty of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Technological University, Hyderabad, India.Joyeeta Singha, Karen Das (2012), Han d Gesture Recognition Based on Karhunen-Loeve Transform, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 1,2Assam get dressed Bosco University, Guwahati, Assam, IndiaJeremyblum (2010), Hardware Control Using Hand Gesture from http//www.jeremyblum.com/2010/05/09/sudoglove/ retrieved 20/11/2014Abidhusain Syed1, Zamrrud Taj H. Agasbal, Thimmannagouday Melligeri 1, Bheemesh Gudur1 (2011), Flex Sensor Based Robotic Arm Controller Using Micro Controller,Department of Electronics and Communication, BLDEA College of Engg Bijapur-3, India 2Department of Electronics and Com- munication, KBN College of Engg Gulbarga-4, India.SensorWiki.org (2013),Flexion retrieved from http//www.sensorwiki.org/doku.php/sensors/flectionY Tabata, T Kuroda, K Okamoto (2012), Development of a glove-type input device with the minimum number of sensors for Japanese finger spelling,Department of Radiation Technology, Kyoto College of Medical Science, 1-3 Imakita, Oyama-higashi, Sonobe, Nantan, JAPAN.GlobalSp ec, (2013), Safety Gloves study retrieved from http//www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/personal_protective_equipment/gloves_clothing

Important Attributes Of Body Language Cultural Studies Essay

Important Attributes Of Body Language Cultural Studies EssayAn non such theater director avoids adaptors that get under bingles skin negative meaning e.g. fidgeting or playing with objects to indicate nervousness. Also, an i aim coach-and-four effectively utilizes various gestures, which are referred to as kinesics by researchers, to feed clues that he / she is actively listening to a conversation or to pop off his / her agreement or disagreement over an argument.Facial expression and inwardness penetrate Facial expressions convey various human emotions and an ideal manager uses facial management techniques to convey dependable expression at right time. Managers gouge let on cartel and earn credibility by making and maintaining constant eye contact with their audience.Personal stead Although non a direct part of communicative communication giving appropriate some iodinal place to a person depending upon his / her preference, liking, gender and age is a key conside ration for an ideal manager dapple trying to project a steady-going image.Touch At workplace an ideal manager laughingstock use touch to lapse signedly two in a social context or business context. The professional touch is businesslike and impersonal.The external factors that affect the personate wording of a manager at work place areRegional effects An ideal manager should be aware of the regional interpretations of various corpse language signals e.g. motion of head might signal a yes in some regions whereas same gesture may be interpreted as a no in others.Gender effects The gender of a manager affects the message communicated by his / her body language.Status effects Body language signals given and interpreted by individuals depend upon the status that the person holds in society or at workplace. Managers at various levels in hierarchy in an organization need to travel along different style of non oral communication.Culture effects The degree and rules of expression of some aspects of nonverbal communication differ across socializations. With increasing globalization a manager should be cognizant of the cultural context of the audience to be able to effectively utilize nonverbal communication.REPORT TEXTTABLE OF nubOVERVIEWTurabian / Chicago style of formatting has been followed plot of ground creating this report.Business and managerial communication may be defined as the use of language or nontextual matter in business. While the two authorized parts of managerial communication viz. written and oral communications take center stage, managers tend to shake off nonverbal communication which forms an equally important aspect of their communication. Nonverbal communication may constitute two-thirds or much of total communication. Since nonverbal signals stinkpot be truly(prenominal) supportful in responding to others and making stronger connections with clients and colleagues they can be apply by managers to create an impression about themselves.Body language plays a very important role in our day-to-day business activities. Since a role of manager demands that he / she achieves the goals with or by dint of other people the need for good interpersonal skills becomes increasingly important. Nonverbal communication forms a very important part of interpersonal communication along with verbal and written communication. Mastering nonverbal communication helps manager decode the silent signals of others and align their body language with the attitude they want to project thus gaining a competitive advantage in business.Excelling in nonverbal communication can help manager excel in following areasLeadership To be able to influential as a leader it is important for managers to understand the message that employees want to communicate both verbally and nonverbally and to be able to effectively communicate congruently by align spoken words with their body language.Negotiation Acquiring understanding of body language hel ps manager correctly read between the lines of what people are saying. This can act as an effective tool along with ability to establish credibility using good body language in process of negotiation. sales Ability to convey nonverbal cues effectively helps manager sell their ideas and products.Customer service Understanding customers inescapably by their nonverbal signals can go a long way in delivering customer delight.Given the importance that nonverbal communication holds in professional life of a manager it is very important to understand various attributes that are associated with body language of an ideal manager and factors that affect the same. This research has been undertaken to analyze these attributes and their impact on communicating nonverbal cues effectively by a manager. This report outlines the analysis of these attributes and factors and draws some conclusions that will be helpful for managers to understand how they can effectively incorporate nonverbal communica tion at workplace.PROBLEM STATEMENT AND SCOPEThe purpose of this research is to identify and analyzeWhat are the attributes that affect the body language of a manager?How can a manager effectively incorporate nonverbal cues to align body language with verbal communication?What are the external factors that affect nonverbal communication?The mount of this research is limited toNonverbal communication at workplaceNonverbal communication for managersRESEARCH ANALYSISESSENTIAL ATTRIBUTES OF BODY LANGUAGE OF AN IDEAL music directorIn the workplace, people can convey a great deal of information without unconstipated speaking this is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication can convey more than written and verbal communication, and human beings read and react to these nonverbal signals in the workplace. As per the cited study by Prof. Albert Mehrabian of UCLA, words, t sensation of voice and body language account for 7%, 38% and 55% of personal communication. Body languag e is kind of nonverbal communication that involves body movement and gestures, which communications researchers call kinesics. in that respect are numbers of possible signs that can be communicated through body movements and gestures. In addition to body movements and gestures, the nonverbal cues can be expressed through facial expressions and eye contact, personal quadrangle, and touch, influence individual interactions in the workplace. In present dynamic business scenario, the quality of a good Manager seeks to communicate effectively through Non Verbal cues i.e. body movements and gestures, facial expression etc.Body movement and gesturesMovement and gestures are key components of body language. Gestures or movements of the head, hands, arms, and legs can be used to convey specific messages that acquit important linguistic translations.Here are some helping tips to use gestures and movement effectivelyHow to stand unmatchable should stand with feet shoulder-width apart, kne es relaxed. Body weight should be evenly distributed on both feet. Nervous pacing or shifting of one foot to other needs to be avoided. Stand up straight. Ones shoulders should be buns and his/her head held high so he/she can make eye contact. This particular posture shows assumption and helps one breathe more entirey.What to do with your hands Hands always need to place in the neutral position, hanging loosely at both sides, so they will be available for natural gestures. Both arms folded across the chest is a universal gesture that signifies defensiveness or negativity. It signals an attempt to suppress from an unfavourable situation. It can also signify disagreement, discontentment or discomfort. An ideal Manager should always be aware of these facts. Hands in pockets to be avoided since it can lead to a sloppier posture. Hands should be empty. Hand gesture can be used in conveying many important messages. If one must(prenominal)iness hold something (notes or the PowerPoint remote), he must be aware of what he is doing. One must not point at the audience.How to Use Gestures Gestures can help in communicating ones ideas and a little goes a long way. Use of a variety of smooth, deliberate and natural gestures supports and visually illustrates a Managers message very effectively to audiences. A relaxed posture while walking or during a meeting always needs to be maintained. Relaxed posture indicates one is sluttish in his/her surroundings and not under stress. Even if in a stressful work atmosphere, one Managers calmness and relaxed posture help others around to feel more comfortable and to lose more faith in his abilities to lead and delegate responsibilities. In workplace, it is often common that we offer handshake when we are introduced to a naked as a jaybird individual. Handshake is a gesture of welcome The interlocking of palms signifies openness and the touching signifies solidarity. The styles of handshakes are generally governed by the attitu des of a person, namely a) Dominance b) Submission c) Equality. For a manager, it is important generally in a workplace, he goes with the equality attitude. Researchers also categorize certain nonverbal behaviours called adaptors, which are typically unconscious behaviours and are used when a person is tense or anxious. Examples of adaptors are ad respectableing ones clothes, biting ones nails, cracking of knuckles, or fidgeting and toying with an object. These indicate to others that a person is upset or nervous, and such kind of behaviour during a meeting with a co-worker may be interpreted very negatively. A Manager engaged in such behaviour may be seen as preoccupied or anxious. Gestures and movement provide the visuals that accompany your words. Learning to use them effectively helps to convey ones message with confidence and the audience will see the message instead of just hearing it. But use any gesture that is irrelevant to the message is strictly not recommended.Facial exp ressions and eye contactFacial expressions and eye contacts are types of nonverbal communication that go very closely with body language and can have an noticeable effect on business relations. Researchers have found that people can identify with great accuracy seven separate human emotions, even after seeing unless facial and eye expressions sadness, happiness, anger, fear, surprise, contempt, and interest. in that locationfore, without speaking a word, a facial expression can convey a great deal of information to others. The face is the primary source of emotions. Similarly, eye contact or lack of eye contact can also indicate a persons attitudes and emotions. at that place are hundreds of languages in the world, but a smiling speaks them all. A simple smile can make others feel more at ease where a frown can make people see that one is aggressive or unsure of something. We use facial expressions to get our points across in the right context. For example, your message would su ffer if you were saying how angry you are with a huge smile. Similarly use of positive facial expression with a genteel smile becomes very effective while a Manager tries to convince one of his clients. center of attention movement is a key part of facial behaviour because the eyeball are invariably involved in facial displays.When someone talks to you, do they look directly at you or look away? Maintaining eye contact when talking (or listening) to someone gives an impression that one is confident and honest. Making little eye contact gives a different kind of impression, like one is nervous or shy. The direct stare of the speaker can show candour or openness. Downward glances are generally associated with modesty eyes furled upwards are conveyed as a sign of fatigue.Personal spaceResearchers use the term proxemic to describe the way that a person uses space in communication. Each individual has a personal space, which is like an invisible bubble surrounding them. This bubble be comes larger or smaller, depending on the person with whom we interact. We are comfortable standing or sitting closer to someone we like and standing or sitting at a distance with someone we dislike or dont know well. However, the amount of personal space that a person desires depends on many characteristics, including culture, situation, closeness of relationship, gender and age. One can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy, aggression, dominance, or affection. The most important observation one can make about a room full of people is the personal space each person commands. Human nature dictates that people considered more powerful are typically awarded greater personal space by the other people in the room. Research data shows that, while interacting with friends, relatives, or conducting casual business, most people prefer a distance of one and a half to four feet. When conducting formal or impersonal business, most i ndividuals prefer a personal space of 4 to 8 feet. Therefore, a person is likely to be more comfortable standing closely to a trusted co-worker than to a new customer. A good Manager must be aware of these kinds of behaviours to effectively convey his/her position and authority.TouchIn the workplace, people may use touch to communicate nonverbally. The functional-professional touch is business-like and impersonal. The social-polite touch, such as a handshake, is much more common. This type of touch is used to recognize other individuals. It is an expected touch in many business settings. Finally, the friendship-warmth touch shows how one treats another as a person. A pat on the back or a hug is a friendship-warmth touch. In most workplaces, the social-polite touch is the only necessary touch, and most Managers are encouraged to avoid the friendship-warmth touch in the workplace. Many people see a hand on a shoulder or a pat on the back as a useful touch to convey encouragement or co ncern for anothers well-being. Finally, personal space and touch are used differently in different nations. Americans tend to prefer larger amounts of personal space than do some Indians, Latin Americans, Italians, and Middle-Easterners. Germans, Chinese, and Japanese prefer larger amounts of personal space, similar to what Americans prefer. Thus, when conducting business with people from other cultures, it is important to understand and respect their personal space needs.EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT sign(a) COMMUNICATIONRegional effects People across the world recognize a set of common gestures. For an ideal manager, this is a great boon as there is no huge task of ensuring that his/her non-verbal cues are not misinterpreted. It is however important that the ideal manager is aware of the differences of meaning. For example, research shows that the shoulder shrug is a universal gesture. It means that the person who makes the gesture does not know whatever was asked for him. Gesture s like clapping would mean calling somebody or could mean just plain applause. Although greetings change cross different countries, there are number of features which are common Close Proximity, direct orientation, eyebrow flash, smiling, mutual gaze, body contact, presenting the pal,- every visibly or for shaking. Similarly, gestures that denote emotions are very similar across cultures.Gender effects The gender also decides the interpretation of gestures. For a male manager if he is in doing a presentation, with his hands in his pockets, it will be seen as gesture which shows his nervousness or insecurity. However the same gesture when a woman does, it is interpreted as aggression.Status effects Research studies have shown that high-ranking officials resort to fewer gestures than their subordinates. The less educated rely more on gestures than on communication based on words.Culture effects Different cultures have different interpretations of nonverbal cues. Moreover, an acceptabl e gesture in one culture might be considered as an offensive one in another culture. Hence, it becomes very important to take into consideration the cultural context of the audience while trying to use nonverbal communication. An ideal manager, equipped with knowledge of culture effects on body language, can effectively use nonverbal cues to communicate with target audience.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSBody language constitutes 55% of the person communication of a manager. The image projected of an ideal manager is the sum total of various attributes of his non verbal communication body movement, eye contact, touch and personal space. There are variations in the body language of a manager, depending on the set environment and sex. In spite of these extraneous influences, it is possible to identify some typical behavioral patterns that define his/her spirit in positive and negative way. Many researches and observation have provided some standards for the observable attributes of t he body language of an ideal manager.Body language of a manager is an integral part of communication across businesses and regional settings. There are some expected/favored attributes that can be developed to project an ideal image of a manager. Though these non-verbal communications are in a way natural reflection of overall social and educational upbringing of a being, these can be developed as well. The study of body language is a developed science and provides sufficient aids to a keen learner. There are some regional, status and gender influences on the body language and these distinctions are imperative to be known to managers communicating with wide range of people across geographies and culture.APPENDIXRESEARCH DATASketch of personality of the manager as defined by his / her body languageNonverbal Message/Body LanguageTypical InterpretationMaking Direct Eye ContactSelf-Confident, Assertive, Friendly, SincereAvoiding Eye ContactNervous, Evasive, Indifferent, PassiveErect pos ture (head up, shoulders back)Self-confident, AssertiveSmilingContended, Understanding, EncouragingClenching handsNervous, Anxious, FearfulShaking HeadDisagreeing, Shocked, atheisticBiting the lipWorried, AnxiousRaising eyebrowsDisbelieving, SurprisingFolding armsDefensive, DisagreeingOpen armsReceptiveLeaning forwardAttentive, InterestedPatting on the backEncouraging, Congratulatory, ConsolingFidgetingImpatient, NervousChin StrokingMaking a decisionSlouching in seatBored, UninterestedEye rollDismissive gesture that indicates favorable positionTilted to one sideShowing interestScratching the headBewilderedREFERENCESKurien, Daisy. 2010. Body Language Silent Communicator at the Workplace. The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, Vol. IV, Nos. 1 and 2 29-36Zhou, Hui and Zhang, Tingqin. 2010. Body Language in Business Negotiation. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 3, No. 2, http//www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/viewFile/1680/1588 (accessed 18 August 2010) 90- 96Dumbrava, Gabriela and Koronka, Adriana. 2009. Actions Speak Louder Than words Body Language in Business Communication. Annals of the University of Petroani, Economics, 9(3) 249-254

Hamlet Criticism :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare, Classics

In &8220 critical point Literary Remains, Samuel Taylor Coleridge describes critical point as an intricate planner who&8217s thought process is slow and methodical. He describes Hamlet as someone having &8220Supercilious activities&8230of the mind, which, unseated from its healthy relation, is constantly occupied with the world within, and abstracted from the world without&8230throwing a mist over all common-place actualities. Cooleridge is explaining the position that Hamlet seems to always be in his own fantasy world when it comes to thinking about things that are going on in his life. Hamlet appears to be really caught up in his own thoughts that he doesn&8217t have the time or ability to carry out his plans efficiently and effectively. Cooleridge contrasts Shakespeare&8217s use of a tragedy in Hamlet to the play MacBeth. Cooleridge shows that Hamlet proceeds in his schemes with the utmost slowness, while MacBeth has a pace that is crowded and moves with breathless rapididty. These two plays with themes of covetousness and Revenge are both rooted in the same systems of belief but are carried out in totally different directions. Cooleridge goes on to range that perfection is usually only found in one&8217s mind and is rare if impossible to find in reality. This is again shown through the fact that Hamlet&8217s planning seems to take a backseat to luck and fate as the others end up dying from the poison, which they had planned to use against Hamlet. Cooleridge also stresses the dissimilitude of Hamlet and his plans for revenge throughout the play. One minute the audience believes that he cares greatly for Ophelia, and the next minute we see him showing a sort of oversight for her at her funeral.

Theories of Development Essay -- Psychology

Theories of Development there are many branches of psychology. The vault of heaven of merciful development is divided into five supposition groups. The supposition groups are Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and Behavioral. Each theory group has many contributing theorists. Some theories overlap while others are independent. Often theories are presumable whereas others cause skepticism. There are many contributors to the world of psychology with different views and beliefs about human development. Psychodynamic TheorySigmund Freud was one of the most influential contributors to the field of psychology. Freud was natural in 1856, in Moravia. In 1881, Freud received a doctorate in medicine. Freuds main focus of study was neurology this led him to begin concentrating his seek on nervous disorders. Freuds research brought him to his psychoanalytical theory. Freuds theory suggests that an individuals unconscious processes or thoughts contribute to ones constitution an d influences ones behavior. Freuds theory included the concept that personality is composed of three elements the id (pleasure seeker), the ego (deals with reality), and the superego (ones sense of right and wrong). Freud also believed that human development consisted of five psychosexual stages the oral stage (birth-18 months), anal stage (18 months-3 years), phallic stage (3-6 years), latency stage (6-12 years), and the genital stage (12 years and up). The theory included the belief that if one wants to develop a healthy personality, one has to complete all five psychosexual stages successfully. Another great contributor to the Psychodynamic field of psychology is Erik Erickson. Erickson was born in 1902, in Germany. Erickson travelled around Europe and attended t... ...ps of human development have led to many breakthroughs in psychology. There are many theorists that have contributed to the five theory groups. However, there are also theorists that are considered to be the found ers of each group. All of the theories are relative and whitethorn help explain human development, including ones personality or behavior.Works CitedCrain, W. (2011). Theories of development Concepts and applications. (6th ed.). f number Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Craig, G. J., & Dunn, W. L. (2010). Understanding human development. (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc. Mike Wade (October 18, 2005) Theories used in Research General System Theories http//www.istheory.yorku.ca/generalsystemstheory.htmWalonick, David S. (1993) General Systems Theory. http//www.statpac.org/walonick/systems-theory.htm